diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/bb-tests.sh b/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/bb-tests.sh
index 0c0d27ed9227..f9dbe34fabcb 100755
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/bb-tests.sh
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/bb-tests.sh
@@ -11,8 +11,18 @@ IMAGE_URI=$(calculate_image_uri $REPOSITORY)
 retry docker pull $IMAGE_URI
 
 TESTS=(
-  client_ivc_tests
+  flavor_tests
+  relations_tests
+  transcript_tests
   commitment_schemes_tests
+  sumcheck_tests
+  eccvm_tests
+  translator_vm_tests
+  protogalaxy_tests
+  ultra_honk_tests
+  goblin_tests
+  client_ivc_tests
+  dsl_tests
   crypto_aes128_tests
   crypto_blake2s_tests
   crypto_blake3s_tests
@@ -22,23 +32,13 @@ TESTS=(
   crypto_poseidon2_tests
   crypto_schnorr_tests
   crypto_sha256_tests
-  dsl_tests
   ecc_tests
-  eccvm_tests
-  flavor_tests
-  goblin_tests
   join_split_example_proofs_inner_proof_data_tests
   join_split_example_proofs_notes_tests
   numeric_tests
   plonk_tests
   polynomials_tests
-  protogalaxy_tests
-  relations_tests
   srs_tests
-  sumcheck_tests
-  transcript_tests
-  translator_vm_tests
-  ultra_honk_tests
   vm_tests
 )
 TESTS_STR="${TESTS[@]}"
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/ultra_honk_tests.sh b/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/ultra_honk_tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..654ba280c92b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/ultra_honk_tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+set -eu
+
+# Move above script dir.
+cd $(dirname $0)/..
+
+cmake --preset clang16
+cmake --build --preset clang16
+
+cd build/
+
+./bin/flavor_tests
+./bin/relations_tests
+./bin/transcript_tests
+./bin/commitment_schemes_tests
+./bin/sumcheck_tests
+./bin/eccvm_tests
+./bin/translator_vm_tests
+./bin/protogalaxy_tests
+./bin/ultra_honk_tests
+./bin/goblin_tests
+./bin/client_ivc_tests
+./bin/stdlib_recursion_tests
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/commitment_key.test.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/commitment_key.test.hpp
index 4df728ba6b9f..e91b61bbad5d 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/commitment_key.test.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/commitment_key.test.hpp
@@ -11,20 +11,20 @@
 
 namespace bb {
 
+constexpr size_t COMMITMENT_TEST_NUM_POINTS = 4096;
+
 template <class CK> inline std::shared_ptr<CK> CreateCommitmentKey();
 
 template <> inline std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey<curve::BN254>> CreateCommitmentKey<CommitmentKey<curve::BN254>>()
 {
     srs::init_crs_factory("../srs_db/ignition");
-    constexpr size_t n = 4096;
-    return std::make_shared<CommitmentKey<curve::BN254>>(n);
+    return std::make_shared<CommitmentKey<curve::BN254>>(COMMITMENT_TEST_NUM_POINTS);
 }
 // For IPA
 template <> inline std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>> CreateCommitmentKey<CommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>>()
 {
     srs::init_grumpkin_crs_factory("../srs_db/grumpkin");
-    constexpr size_t n = 4096;
-    return std::make_shared<CommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>>(n);
+    return std::make_shared<CommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>>(COMMITMENT_TEST_NUM_POINTS);
 }
 
 template <typename CK> inline std::shared_ptr<CK> CreateCommitmentKey()
@@ -39,20 +39,16 @@ template <>
 inline std::shared_ptr<VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::BN254>> CreateVerifierCommitmentKey<
     VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::BN254>>()
 {
-    constexpr size_t n = 4096;
-    std::shared_ptr<bb::srs::factories::CrsFactory<curve::BN254>> crs_factory(
-        new bb::srs::factories::FileCrsFactory<curve::BN254>("../srs_db/ignition", 4096));
-    return std::make_shared<VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::BN254>>(n, crs_factory);
+    return std::make_shared<VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::BN254>>();
 }
 // For IPA
 template <>
 inline std::shared_ptr<VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>> CreateVerifierCommitmentKey<
     VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>>()
 {
-    constexpr size_t n = 4096;
-    std::shared_ptr<bb::srs::factories::CrsFactory<curve::Grumpkin>> crs_factory(
-        new bb::srs::factories::FileCrsFactory<curve::Grumpkin>("../srs_db/grumpkin", 4096));
-    return std::make_shared<VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>>(n, crs_factory);
+    auto crs_factory = std::make_shared<srs::factories::FileCrsFactory<curve::Grumpkin>>("../srs_db/grumpkin",
+                                                                                         COMMITMENT_TEST_NUM_POINTS);
+    return std::make_shared<VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>>(COMMITMENT_TEST_NUM_POINTS, crs_factory);
 }
 template <typename VK> inline std::shared_ptr<VK> CreateVerifierCommitmentKey()
 // requires std::default_initializable<VK>
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/verification_key.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/verification_key.hpp
index 569e72b14925..d84914980010 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/verification_key.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/commitment_schemes/verification_key.hpp
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@
 #include "barretenberg/numeric/bitop/pow.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/polynomials/polynomial.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/polynomials/polynomial_arithmetic.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/srs/factories/crs_factory.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/srs/factories/file_crs_factory.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/srs/global_crs.hpp"
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
@@ -35,19 +34,13 @@ template <> class VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::BN254> {
     using Commitment = typename Curve::AffineElement;
 
   public:
-    VerifierCommitmentKey() = delete;
+    std::shared_ptr<bb::srs::factories::VerifierCrs<Curve>> srs;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief Construct a new Kate Verification Key object from existing SRS
-     *
-     * @param num_points
-     * @param srs verifier G2 point
-     */
-    VerifierCommitmentKey(
-        [[maybe_unused]] size_t num_points, // TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/874)
-        std::shared_ptr<bb::srs::factories::CrsFactory<Curve>> crs_factory)
-        : srs(crs_factory->get_verifier_crs())
-    {}
+    VerifierCommitmentKey()
+    {
+        srs::init_crs_factory("../srs_db/ignition");
+        srs = srs::get_crs_factory<Curve>()->get_verifier_crs();
+    };
 
     /**
      * @brief verifies a pairing equation over 2 points using the verifier SRS
@@ -65,8 +58,6 @@ template <> class VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::BN254> {
 
         return (result == Curve::TargetField::one());
     }
-
-    std::shared_ptr<bb::srs::factories::VerifierCrs<Curve>> srs;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -89,7 +80,7 @@ template <> class VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin> {
      * @param num_points specifies the length of the SRS
      * @param path is the location to the SRS file
      */
-    VerifierCommitmentKey(size_t num_points, std::shared_ptr<bb::srs::factories::CrsFactory<Curve>> crs_factory)
+    VerifierCommitmentKey(size_t num_points, const std::shared_ptr<bb::srs::factories::CrsFactory<Curve>>& crs_factory)
         : pippenger_runtime_state(num_points)
         , srs(crs_factory->get_verifier_crs(num_points))
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ecc_vm.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ecc_vm.hpp
index 2a8d455ecd4e..72f62b589fe1 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ecc_vm.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ecc_vm.hpp
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ template <typename CycleGroup_T, typename Curve_T, typename PCS_T> class ECCVMBa
      * resolve that, and split out separate PrecomputedPolynomials/Commitments data for clarity but also for
      * portability of our circuits.
      */
-    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>>;
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     /**
      * @brief A container for polynomials produced after the first round of sumcheck.
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/flavor.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/flavor.hpp
index 7048f825fed3..00f890bc8753 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/flavor.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/flavor.hpp
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 #include "barretenberg/polynomials/univariate.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/proof_system/types/circuit_type.hpp"
 #include <array>
+#include <barretenberg/srs/global_crs.hpp>
 #include <concepts>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -142,8 +143,11 @@ class ProvingKey_ : public PrecomputedPolynomials, public WitnessPolynomials {
  *
  * @tparam PrecomputedEntities An instance of PrecomputedEntities_ with affine_element data type and handle type.
  */
-template <typename PrecomputedCommitments> class VerificationKey_ : public PrecomputedCommitments {
+template <typename PrecomputedCommitments, typename VerifierCommitmentKey>
+class VerificationKey_ : public PrecomputedCommitments {
   public:
+    std::shared_ptr<VerifierCommitmentKey> pcs_verification_key;
+
     VerificationKey_() = default;
     VerificationKey_(const size_t circuit_size, const size_t num_public_inputs)
     {
@@ -151,11 +155,13 @@ template <typename PrecomputedCommitments> class VerificationKey_ : public Preco
         this->log_circuit_size = numeric::get_msb(circuit_size);
         this->num_public_inputs = num_public_inputs;
     };
+
     template <typename ProvingKeyPtr> VerificationKey_(const ProvingKeyPtr& proving_key)
     {
         this->circuit_size = proving_key->circuit_size;
         this->log_circuit_size = numeric::get_msb(this->circuit_size);
         this->num_public_inputs = proving_key->num_public_inputs;
+        this->pcs_verification_key = std::make_shared<VerifierCommitmentKey>();
 
         for (auto [polynomial, commitment] : zip_view(proving_key->get_precomputed_polynomials(), this->get_all())) {
             commitment = proving_key->commitment_key->commit(polynomial);
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/avm_flavor.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/avm_flavor.hpp
index efb23d6efc5e..9e32dca00fac 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/avm_flavor.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/avm_flavor.hpp
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ class AvmFlavor {
         RefArray<Polynomial, 0> get_table_column_wires() { return {}; };
     };
 
-    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>>;
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     using FoldedPolynomials = AllEntities<std::vector<FF>>;
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/toy_flavor.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/toy_flavor.hpp
index ac7df4a07e2f..b776a68cd46e 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/toy_flavor.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/generated/toy_flavor.hpp
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class ToyFlavor {
         RefArray<Polynomial, 0> get_table_column_wires() { return {}; };
     };
 
-    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>>;
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     using FoldedPolynomials = AllEntities<std::vector<FF>>;
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_translator.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_translator.hpp
index 5a1d9fb6d414..16ea236f8f64 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_translator.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_translator.hpp
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ class GoblinTranslatorFlavor {
      * resolve that, and split out separate PrecomputedPolynomials/Commitments data for clarity but also for
      * portability of our circuits.
      */
-    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>>;
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     /**
      * @brief A field element for each entity of the flavor.  These entities represent the prover polynomials
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp
index e1fbb2e7b4de..3a68c154cb53 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra.hpp
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class GoblinUltraFlavor {
      * circuits.
      * @todo TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/876)
      */
-    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>>;
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     /**
      * @brief A container for storing the partially evaluated multivariates produced by sumcheck.
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp
index 0444ebaf2f41..8e3a10f4f508 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/goblin_ultra_recursive.hpp
@@ -10,14 +10,6 @@
 #include "barretenberg/polynomials/polynomial.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/polynomials/univariate.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/proof_system/circuit_builder/goblin_ultra_circuit_builder.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/srs/factories/crs_factory.hpp"
-#include <array>
-#include <concepts>
-#include <span>
-#include <string>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <vector>
-
 #include "barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/curves/bn254.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/field.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/transcript/transcript.hpp"
@@ -104,7 +96,8 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class GoblinUltraRecursiveFlavor_ {
      * circuits.
      * This differs from GoblinUltra in how we construct the commitments.
      */
-    class VerificationKey : public VerificationKey_<GoblinUltraFlavor::PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>> {
+    class VerificationKey
+        : public VerificationKey_<GoblinUltraFlavor::PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey> {
       public:
         VerificationKey(const size_t circuit_size, const size_t num_public_inputs)
         {
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp
index 46fe5f4499f6..a2323eba35f4 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra.hpp
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class UltraFlavor {
      * that, and split out separate PrecomputedPolynomials/Commitments data for clarity but also for portability of our
      * circuits.
      */
-    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>>;
+    using VerificationKey = VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey>;
 
     /**
      * @brief A field element for each entity of the flavor. These entities represent the prover polynomials
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp
index ffaa99c7a8c4..e7ab769eb6d6 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/flavor/ultra_recursive.hpp
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class UltraRecursiveFlavor_ {
      * that, and split out separate PrecomputedPolynomials/Commitments data for clarity but also for portability of our
      * circuits.
      */
-    class VerificationKey : public VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>> {
+    class VerificationKey : public VerificationKey_<PrecomputedEntities<Commitment>, VerifierCommitmentKey> {
       public:
         VerificationKey(const size_t circuit_size, const size_t num_public_inputs)
         {
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.cpp
index c808e5e65423..3d0b2e4e8ed8 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,10 @@ namespace bb {
  * */
 template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor>
 DeciderProver_<Flavor>::DeciderProver_(const std::shared_ptr<Instance>& inst,
-                                       const std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey>& commitment_key,
                                        const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript)
     : accumulator(std::move(inst))
     , transcript(transcript)
-    , commitment_key(commitment_key)
+    , commitment_key(inst->commitment_key)
 {}
 
 /**
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.hpp
index 562a1700ba2f..ef3cd372cee5 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_prover.hpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor> class DeciderProver_ {
 
   public:
     explicit DeciderProver_(const std::shared_ptr<Instance>&,
-                            const std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey>&,
                             const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>());
 
     BB_PROFILE void execute_relation_check_rounds();
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_verifier.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_verifier.cpp
index e685f8930ecb..d140292bc4b3 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_verifier.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/decider_verifier.cpp
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ template <typename Flavor>
 DeciderVerifier_<Flavor>::DeciderVerifier_(const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript,
                                            const std::shared_ptr<VerifierInstance>& accumulator)
     : accumulator(accumulator)
+    , pcs_verification_key(accumulator->verification_key->pcs_verification_key)
     , transcript(transcript)
 {}
+
 template <typename Flavor>
 DeciderVerifier_<Flavor>::DeciderVerifier_()
-    : pcs_verification_key(std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(0, bb::srs::get_bn254_crs_factory()))
+    : pcs_verification_key(std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>())
     , transcript(std::make_shared<Transcript>())
 {}
 
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ template <typename Flavor> bool DeciderVerifier_<Flavor>::verify_proof(const Hon
                                             multivariate_challenge,
                                             transcript);
 
-    auto verified = pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0], pairing_points[1]);
+    auto verified = accumulator->pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0], pairing_points[1]);
 
     return sumcheck_verified.value() && verified;
 }
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.cpp
index 8d505a509592..e7fe59f6644e 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.cpp
@@ -129,10 +129,12 @@ std::shared_ptr<typename ProverInstances::Instance> ProtoGalaxyProver_<ProverIns
     auto vanishing_polynomial_at_challenge = challenge * (challenge - FF(1));
     std::vector<FF> lagranges{ FF(1) - challenge, challenge };
 
+    // TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/881): bad pattern
     auto next_accumulator = std::make_shared<Instance>();
     next_accumulator->is_accumulator = true;
     next_accumulator->instance_size = instances[0]->instance_size;
     next_accumulator->log_instance_size = instances[0]->log_instance_size;
+    next_accumulator->commitment_key = instances[0]->commitment_key;
 
     // Compute the next target sum and send the next folding parameters to the verifier
     FF next_target_sum =
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.hpp
index 038c7a2e9dae..f1b41ae42b2d 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/protogalaxy/protogalaxy_prover.hpp
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
 namespace bb {
 template <class ProverInstances_> struct ProtogalaxyProofConstructionState {
     using FF = typename ProverInstances_::FF;
-    using Instance = typename ProverInstances_::Instance;
+    using ProverInstance = typename ProverInstances_::Instance;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<Instance> accumulator;
+    std::shared_ptr<ProverInstance> accumulator;
     Polynomial<FF> perturbator;
     std::vector<FF> deltas;
     Univariate<FF, ProverInstances_::BATCHED_EXTENDED_LENGTH, ProverInstances_::NUM> combiner_quotient;
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/goblin_verifier.test.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/goblin_verifier.test.cpp
index 1a37b1fa092b..e37b54487cff 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/goblin_verifier.test.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/goblin_verifier.test.cpp
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class GoblinRecursiveVerifierTest : public testi
         // verifier and check that the result agrees.
         auto native_verifier = inner_composer.create_verifier(instance->verification_key);
         auto native_result = native_verifier.verify_proof(inner_proof);
-        auto recursive_result = native_verifier.pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0].get_value(),
-                                                                                    pairing_points[1].get_value());
+        auto recursive_result = native_verifier.key->pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0].get_value(),
+                                                                                         pairing_points[1].get_value());
         EXPECT_EQ(recursive_result, native_result);
 
         // Check 2: Ensure that the underlying native and recursive verification algorithms agree by ensuring
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/merge_verifier.test.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/merge_verifier.test.cpp
index cd603ed1c857..9b4ee8d37e12 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/merge_verifier.test.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/merge_verifier.test.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ class RecursiveMergeVerifierTest : public testing::Test {
         GoblinMockCircuits::construct_simple_initial_circuit(sample_circuit);
 
         // Generate a proof over the inner circuit
-        InnerComposer inner_composer;
         MergeProver merge_prover{ op_queue };
         auto merge_proof = merge_prover.construct_proof();
 
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class RecursiveMergeVerifierTest : public testing::Test {
         // verifier and check that the result agrees.
         MergeVerifier native_verifier;
         bool verified_native = native_verifier.verify_proof(merge_proof);
-        VerifierCommitmentKey pcs_verification_key(0, srs::get_bn254_crs_factory());
+        VerifierCommitmentKey pcs_verification_key;
         auto verified_recursive =
             pcs_verification_key.pairing_check(pairing_points[0].get_value(), pairing_points[1].get_value());
         EXPECT_EQ(verified_native, verified_recursive);
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.test.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.test.cpp
index 6e2f1f5f3ceb..55eb6116770b 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.test.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/protogalaxy_recursive_verifier.test.cpp
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ template <typename RecursiveFlavor> class ProtoGalaxyRecursiveTests : public tes
         //  decider verifier and check that the result agrees.
         DeciderVerifier native_decider_verifier = composer.create_decider_verifier(verifier_accumulator);
         auto native_result = native_decider_verifier.verify_proof(decider_proof);
-        auto recursive_result = native_decider_verifier.pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(
+        auto recursive_result = native_decider_verifier.accumulator->pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(
             pairing_points[0].get_value(), pairing_points[1].get_value());
         EXPECT_EQ(native_result, recursive_result);
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/verifier.test.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/verifier.test.cpp
index 384405d12722..3dda0156beee 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/verifier.test.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/honk/verifier/verifier.test.cpp
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ template <typename BuilderType> class RecursiveVerifierTest : public testing::Te
         // verifier and check that the result agrees.
         auto native_verifier = inner_composer.create_verifier(instance->verification_key);
         auto native_result = native_verifier.verify_proof(inner_proof);
-        auto recursive_result = native_verifier.pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0].get_value(),
-                                                                                    pairing_points[1].get_value());
+        auto recursive_result = native_verifier.key->pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0].get_value(),
+                                                                                         pairing_points[1].get_value());
         EXPECT_EQ(recursive_result, native_result);
 
         // Check 2: Ensure that the underlying native and recursive verification algorithms agree by ensuring
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/instances.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/instances.hpp
index e2c168406c31..dcfc88830983 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/instances.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/instances.hpp
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 
 namespace bb {
 
-template <typename Flavor_, size_t NUM_> struct ProverInstances_ {
+template <typename Flavor_, size_t NUM_ = 2> struct ProverInstances_ {
   public:
-    static_assert(NUM_ > 0, "Must have at least one prover instance");
+    static_assert(NUM_ > 1, "Must have at least two prover instances");
     using Flavor = Flavor_;
     using FF = typename Flavor::FF;
     static constexpr size_t NUM = NUM_;
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ template <typename Flavor_, size_t NUM_> struct ProverInstances_ {
     }
 };
 
-template <typename Flavor_, size_t NUM_> struct VerifierInstances_ {
+template <typename Flavor_, size_t NUM_ = 2> struct VerifierInstances_ {
+    static_assert(NUM_ > 1, "Must have at least two prover instances");
     using Flavor = Flavor_;
     using VerificationKey = typename Flavor::VerificationKey;
     using Instance = VerifierInstance_<Flavor>;
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/prover_instance.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/prover_instance.hpp
index a4196abfd956..6c83c5210d83 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/prover_instance.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/prover_instance.hpp
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ template <class Flavor> class ProverInstance_ {
 
   public:
     std::shared_ptr<ProvingKey> proving_key;
+    // currently commitment_key needs to be here, and not accessed through the proving key, since sometimes the proving
+    // key is null during protogalaxy proving (TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/881)?)
+    std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey> commitment_key;
     std::shared_ptr<VerificationKey> verification_key;
 
     ProverPolynomials prover_polynomials;
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ template <class Flavor> class ProverInstance_ {
         sorted_polynomials = construct_sorted_list_polynomials<Flavor>(circuit, dyadic_circuit_size);
 
         verification_key = std::make_shared<VerificationKey>(proving_key);
+        commitment_key = proving_key->commitment_key;
     }
 
     ProverInstance_() = default;
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp
index 0910ccb614dd..983dc37dd4e7 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/sumcheck/instance/verifier_instance.hpp
@@ -10,15 +10,19 @@ namespace bb {
  *
  * @details This is ϕ in the paper.
  */
-template <class Flavor> class VerifierInstance_ {
+template <class Flavor, size_t NUM_ = 2> class VerifierInstance_ {
   public:
     using FF = typename Flavor::FF;
     using VerificationKey = typename Flavor::VerificationKey;
+    using VerifierCommitmentKey = typename Flavor::VerifierCommitmentKey;
     using WitnessCommitments = typename Flavor::WitnessCommitments;
     using CommitmentLabels = typename Flavor::CommitmentLabels;
     using RelationSeparator = typename Flavor::RelationSeparator;
 
     std::shared_ptr<VerificationKey> verification_key;
+    // TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/881)?: Access throutgh vk by making sure vk is
+    // initialized in Protogalaxy?
+    std::shared_ptr<VerifierCommitmentKey> pcs_verification_key;
     std::vector<FF> public_inputs;
     size_t pub_inputs_offset = 0;
     size_t public_input_size;
@@ -34,9 +38,11 @@ template <class Flavor> class VerifierInstance_ {
 
     WitnessCommitments witness_commitments;
     CommitmentLabels commitment_labels;
-    VerifierInstance_() = default;
+    VerifierInstance_()
+        : pcs_verification_key(std::make_shared<VerifierCommitmentKey>()){};
     VerifierInstance_(std::shared_ptr<VerificationKey> vk)
         : verification_key(std::move(vk))
+        , pcs_verification_key(std::make_shared<VerifierCommitmentKey>())
     {}
 };
 } // namespace bb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/translator_vm/goblin_translator_composer.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/translator_vm/goblin_translator_composer.cpp
index 24767656fd65..8178fe972cc5 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/translator_vm/goblin_translator_composer.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/translator_vm/goblin_translator_composer.cpp
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ GoblinTranslatorVerifier GoblinTranslatorComposer::create_verifier(const Circuit
 
     GoblinTranslatorVerifier output_state(verification_key);
 
-    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(verification_key->circuit_size, crs_factory_);
+    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>();
     output_state.pcs_verification_key = std::move(pcs_verification_key);
     output_state.transcript = transcript;
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/goblin_ultra_composer.test.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/goblin_ultra_composer.test.cpp
index 8e8ed2876fb4..43ff53ffb0ca 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/goblin_ultra_composer.test.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/goblin_ultra_composer.test.cpp
@@ -136,8 +136,6 @@ TEST_F(GoblinUltraHonkComposerTests, MultipleCircuitsMergeOnly)
 
         generate_test_circuit(builder);
 
-        auto composer = GoblinUltraComposer();
-
         // Construct and verify Goblin ECC op queue Merge proof
         auto merge_verified = construct_and_verify_merge_proof(op_queue);
         EXPECT_TRUE(merge_verified);
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/merge_verifier.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/merge_verifier.cpp
index 16df9c30fab9..9ce6bada4820 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/merge_verifier.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/merge_verifier.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ namespace bb {
 template <typename Flavor>
 MergeVerifier_<Flavor>::MergeVerifier_()
     : transcript(std::make_shared<Transcript>())
-    , pcs_verification_key(std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(0, bb::srs::get_bn254_crs_factory())){};
+    , pcs_verification_key(std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>()){};
 
 /**
  * @brief Verify proper construction of the aggregate Goblin ECC op queue polynomials T_i^(j), j = 1,2,3,4.
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.cpp
index e8da52f540b1..3cdeefdac7d4 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.cpp
@@ -33,43 +33,21 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor>
 UltraVerifier_<Flavor> UltraComposer_<Flavor>::create_verifier(const std::shared_ptr<VerificationKey>& verification_key,
                                                                const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript)
 {
-    UltraVerifier_<Flavor> output_state(transcript, verification_key);
-    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(verification_key->circuit_size, crs_factory_);
-    output_state.pcs_verification_key = std::move(pcs_verification_key);
-
-    return output_state;
+    return UltraVerifier_<Flavor>(transcript, verification_key);
 }
 
 template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor>
 DeciderProver_<Flavor> UltraComposer_<Flavor>::create_decider_prover(const std::shared_ptr<ProverInstance>& accumulator,
                                                                      const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript)
 {
-    commitment_key = compute_commitment_key(accumulator->instance_size);
-    DeciderProver_<Flavor> output_state(accumulator, commitment_key, transcript);
-
-    return output_state;
-}
-
-template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor>
-DeciderProver_<Flavor> UltraComposer_<Flavor>::create_decider_prover(
-    const std::shared_ptr<ProverInstance>& accumulator,
-    const std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey>& commitment_key,
-    const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript)
-{
-    DeciderProver_<Flavor> output_state(accumulator, commitment_key, transcript);
-
-    return output_state;
+    return DeciderProver_<Flavor>(accumulator, transcript);
 }
 
 template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor>
 DeciderVerifier_<Flavor> UltraComposer_<Flavor>::create_decider_verifier(
     const std::shared_ptr<VerifierInstance>& accumulator, const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript)
 {
-    DeciderVerifier_<Flavor> output_state(transcript, accumulator);
-    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(accumulator->instance_size, crs_factory_);
-    output_state.pcs_verification_key = std::move(pcs_verification_key);
-
-    return output_state;
+    return DeciderVerifier_<Flavor>(transcript, accumulator);
 }
 
 template class UltraComposer_<UltraFlavor>;
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.hpp
index 0805d0e35f62..c87071ccb720 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.hpp
@@ -17,46 +17,13 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor_> class UltraComposer_ {
     using CircuitBuilder = typename Flavor::CircuitBuilder;
     using ProvingKey = typename Flavor::ProvingKey;
     using VerificationKey = typename Flavor::VerificationKey;
-    using PCS = typename Flavor::PCS;
     using CommitmentKey = typename Flavor::CommitmentKey;
     using VerifierCommitmentKey = typename Flavor::VerifierCommitmentKey;
     using ProverInstance = ProverInstance_<Flavor>;
     using VerifierInstance = VerifierInstance_<Flavor>;
-    using FF = typename Flavor::FF;
     using Transcript = typename Flavor::Transcript;
-    using CRSFactory = srs::factories::CrsFactory<typename Flavor::Curve>;
-
-    static constexpr size_t NUM_FOLDING = 2;
-    using ProverInstances = ProverInstances_<Flavor, NUM_FOLDING>;
-    using VerifierInstances = VerifierInstances_<Flavor, NUM_FOLDING>;
-
-    // offset due to placing zero wires at the start of execution trace
-    static constexpr size_t num_zero_rows = Flavor::has_zero_row ? 1 : 0;
-    static constexpr std::string_view NAME_STRING = "UltraHonk";
-    static constexpr size_t NUM_WIRES = CircuitBuilder::NUM_WIRES;
-
-    // The crs_factory holds the path to the srs and exposes methods to extract the srs elements
-    std::shared_ptr<CRSFactory> crs_factory_;
-    // The commitment key is passed to the prover but also used herein to compute the verfication key commitments
-    std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey> commitment_key;
-
-    UltraComposer_() { crs_factory_ = bb::srs::get_bn254_crs_factory(); }
-
-    explicit UltraComposer_(std::shared_ptr<CRSFactory> crs_factory)
-        : crs_factory_(std::move(crs_factory))
-    {}
-
-    UltraComposer_(UltraComposer_&& other) noexcept = default;
-    UltraComposer_(UltraComposer_ const& other) noexcept = default;
-    UltraComposer_& operator=(UltraComposer_&& other) noexcept = default;
-    UltraComposer_& operator=(UltraComposer_ const& other) noexcept = default;
-    ~UltraComposer_() = default;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey> compute_commitment_key(size_t circuit_size)
-    {
-        commitment_key = std::make_shared<CommitmentKey>(circuit_size + 1);
-        return commitment_key;
-    };
+    using ProverInstances = ProverInstances_<Flavor>;
+    using VerifierInstances = VerifierInstances_<Flavor>;
 
     std::shared_ptr<ProverInstance> create_prover_instance(CircuitBuilder&);
 
@@ -77,10 +44,6 @@ template <IsUltraFlavor Flavor_> class UltraComposer_ {
     DeciderProver_<Flavor> create_decider_prover(
         const std::shared_ptr<ProverInstance>&,
         const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>());
-    DeciderProver_<Flavor> create_decider_prover(
-        const std::shared_ptr<ProverInstance>&,
-        const std::shared_ptr<CommitmentKey>&,
-        const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>());
 
     DeciderVerifier_<Flavor> create_decider_verifier(
         const std::shared_ptr<VerifierInstance>&,
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.test.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.test.cpp
index c8f0a1667ca2..1c4d29f30513 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.test.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_composer.test.cpp
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ TEST_F(UltraHonkComposerTests, XorConstraint)
     circuit_builder.create_gates_from_plookup_accumulators(
         plookup::MultiTableId::UINT32_XOR, lookup_accumulators, left_witness_index, right_witness_index);
 
-    auto composer = UltraComposer(bb::srs::get_bn254_crs_factory());
+    UltraComposer composer;
     prove_and_verify(circuit_builder, composer, /*expected_result=*/true);
 }
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp
index e9e0a900f970..08ace233814e 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.cpp
@@ -20,20 +20,17 @@ UltraVerifier_<Flavor>::UltraVerifier_(const std::shared_ptr<Transcript>& transc
 template <typename Flavor>
 UltraVerifier_<Flavor>::UltraVerifier_(const std::shared_ptr<VerificationKey>& verifier_key)
     : key(verifier_key)
-    , pcs_verification_key(std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(0, bb::srs::get_bn254_crs_factory()))
     , transcript(std::make_shared<Transcript>())
 {}
 
 template <typename Flavor>
 UltraVerifier_<Flavor>::UltraVerifier_(UltraVerifier_&& other)
     : key(std::move(other.key))
-    , pcs_verification_key(std::move(other.pcs_verification_key))
 {}
 
 template <typename Flavor> UltraVerifier_<Flavor>& UltraVerifier_<Flavor>::operator=(UltraVerifier_&& other)
 {
     key = other.key;
-    pcs_verification_key = (std::move(other.pcs_verification_key));
     commitments.clear();
     return *this;
 }
@@ -155,7 +152,7 @@ template <typename Flavor> bool UltraVerifier_<Flavor>::verify_proof(const HonkP
                                             multivariate_challenge,
                                             transcript);
 
-    auto verified = pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0], pairing_points[1]);
+    auto verified = key->pcs_verification_key->pairing_check(pairing_points[0], pairing_points[1]);
 
     return sumcheck_verified.value() && verified;
 }
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.hpp
index 9e6df95ebb85..d9f179718489 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.hpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/ultra_honk/ultra_verifier.hpp
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ template <typename Flavor> class UltraVerifier_ {
 
     std::shared_ptr<VerificationKey> key;
     std::map<std::string, Commitment> commitments;
-    std::shared_ptr<VerifierCommitmentKey> pcs_verification_key;
     std::shared_ptr<Transcript> transcript;
 };
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/avm_composer.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/avm_composer.cpp
index e0d075cc5bf2..8ed61fbdd8f9 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/avm_composer.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/avm_composer.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ AvmVerifier AvmComposer::create_verifier(CircuitConstructor& circuit_constructor
 
     AvmVerifier output_state(verification_key);
 
-    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(verification_key->circuit_size, crs_factory_);
+    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>();
 
     output_state.pcs_verification_key = std::move(pcs_verification_key);
 
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/toy_composer.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/toy_composer.cpp
index 379a7949bf72..d74579371172 100644
--- a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/toy_composer.cpp
+++ b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/vm/generated/toy_composer.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ ToyVerifier ToyComposer::create_verifier(CircuitConstructor& circuit_constructor
 
     ToyVerifier output_state(verification_key);
 
-    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>(verification_key->circuit_size, crs_factory_);
+    auto pcs_verification_key = std::make_unique<VerifierCommitmentKey>();
 
     output_state.pcs_verification_key = std::move(pcs_verification_key);