diff --git a/cellpose/train.py b/cellpose/train.py
index 401c0efc..aa312c74 100644
--- a/cellpose/train.py
+++ b/cellpose/train.py
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ def train_seg(net, train_data=None, train_labels=None, train_files=None,
     Train the network with images for segmentation.
 
     Args:
-        net (object): The network model to train. If `net` is a bfloat16 model on MPS, it will be converted to float32 for training. The saved models will be in float32, but the original model will be returned in bfloat16 for consistency. CUDA/CPU will train in bfloat16 if that is the provided net dtype.
+        net (object): The network model to train. If `net` is a bfloat16 model it will be converted to float32 for training. The saved models will be in float32, but the original model will be returned as the original dtype for consistency. 
         train_data (List[np.ndarray], optional): List of arrays (2D or 3D) - images for training. Defaults to None.
         train_labels (List[np.ndarray], optional): List of arrays (2D or 3D) - labels for train_data, where 0=no masks; 1,2,...=mask labels. Defaults to None.
         train_files (List[str], optional): List of strings - file names for images in train_data (to save flows for future runs). Defaults to None.
@@ -356,13 +356,11 @@ def train_seg(net, train_data=None, train_labels=None, train_files=None,
 
     device = net.device
 
-    original_net_dtype = None
-    if device.type == 'mps' and net.dtype == torch.bfloat16:
+    original_net_dtype = net.dtype 
+    if net.dtype == torch.bfloat16:
         # NOTE: this produces a side effect of returning a network that is not of a guaranteed dtype \
-        original_net_dtype = torch.bfloat16 
-        train_logger.warning("Training with bfloat16 on MPS is not supported, using float32 network instead")
+        train_logger.info(">>> converting bfloat16 network to float32 for training")
         net.dtype = torch.float32
-        net.to(torch.float32)
 
     scale_range = 0.5 if scale_range is None else scale_range
 
@@ -462,11 +460,8 @@ def train_seg(net, train_data=None, train_labels=None, train_files=None,
             X = torch.from_numpy(imgi).to(device)
             lbl = torch.from_numpy(lbl).to(device)
 
-            if X.dtype != net.dtype:
-                X = X.to(net.dtype)
-                lbl = lbl.to(net.dtype)
-
-            y = net(X)[0]
+            with torch.autocast(device_type=device.type, dtype=net.dtype):
+                y = net(X)[0]
             loss = _loss_fn_seg(lbl, y, device)
             if y.shape[1] > 3:
                 loss3 = _loss_fn_class(lbl, y, class_weights=class_weights)
@@ -510,11 +505,8 @@ def train_seg(net, train_data=None, train_labels=None, train_files=None,
                         X = torch.from_numpy(imgi).to(device)
                         lbl = torch.from_numpy(lbl).to(device)
 
-                        if X.dtype != net.dtype:
-                            X = X.to(net.dtype)
-                            lbl = lbl.to(net.dtype)
-                        
-                        y = net(X)[0]
+                        with torch.autocast(device_type=device.type, dtype=net.dtype):
+                            y = net(X)[0]
                         loss = _loss_fn_seg(lbl, y, device)
                         if y.shape[1] > 3:
                             loss3 = _loss_fn_class(lbl, y, class_weights=class_weights)
@@ -539,9 +531,8 @@ def train_seg(net, train_data=None, train_labels=None, train_files=None,
             net.save_model(filename0)
     
     net.save_model(filename)
-
-    if original_net_dtype is not None:
+    if original_net_dtype != torch.float32:
+        train_logger.info(f">>> converting network back to {original_net_dtype} after training")
         net.dtype = original_net_dtype
-        net.to(original_net_dtype)
 
     return filename, train_losses, test_losses
diff --git a/cellpose/vit_sam.py b/cellpose/vit_sam.py
index 7d93378a..70332eda 100644
--- a/cellpose/vit_sam.py
+++ b/cellpose/vit_sam.py
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ def __init__(self, backbone="vit_l", ps=8, nout=3, bsize=256, rdrop=0.4,
         for blk in self.encoder.blocks:
             blk.window_size = 0
 
-        self.dtype = dtype
-        if self.dtype != torch.float32:
-            self = self.to(self.dtype)
+        self._dtype = dtype
+        if dtype != torch.float32:
+            self.dtype = dtype
 
     def forward(self, x):      
         # same progression as SAM until readout
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ def load_model(self, PATH, device, strict = False):
         if w2_data == None:
             raise ValueError('This model does not appear to be a CP4 model. CP3 models are not compatible with CP4.')
 
+        # models are always saved as float32
         if keys[0][:7] == "module.":
             from collections import OrderedDict
             new_state_dict = OrderedDict()
@@ -103,6 +104,27 @@ def load_model(self, PATH, device, strict = False):
         if self.dtype != torch.float32:
             self = self.to(self.dtype)
 
+    @property
+    def dtype(self):
+        """
+        Get the data type of the model.
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.dtype: The data type of the model.
+        """
+        return self._dtype
+    
+    @dtype.setter
+    def dtype(self, value):
+        """
+        Set the data type of the model.
+
+        Args:
+            value (torch.dtype): The data type to set for the model.
+        """
+        if self._dtype != value:
+            self.to(value)
+            self._dtype = value
     
     @property
     def device(self):