diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index bbd6bf100..0bf4ea4e1 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ sources
 # Python extras
 .ipynb_checkpoints
 *.log
+*.ipnyb
 *.pyc
 .*.pyc
 __pycache__
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 2e0aee22b..1ad8b9c37 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -50,3 +50,6 @@ include-package-data = true
 [tool.setuptools_scm]
 write_to = "ultraplot/_version.py"
 write_to_template = "__version__ = '{version}'\n"
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = "--ignore=dbt_packages"
diff --git a/ultraplot/axes/base.py b/ultraplot/axes/base.py
index 22e489d18..c140b0161 100644
--- a/ultraplot/axes/base.py
+++ b/ultraplot/axes/base.py
@@ -3261,6 +3261,26 @@ def _is_panel_group_member(self, other: "Axes") -> bool:
         # Not in the same panel group
         return False
 
+    def _label_key(self, side: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Map requested side name to the correct tick_params key across mpl versions.
+
+        This accounts for the API change around Matplotlib 3.10 where labeltop/labelbottom
+        became first-class tick parameter keys. For older versions, these map to
+        labelright/labelleft respectively.
+        """
+        from packaging import version
+        from ..internals import _version_mpl
+        #TODO: internal deprecation warning when we drop 3.9, we need to remove this
+
+        use_new = version.parse(str(_version_mpl)) >= version.parse("3.10")
+        if side == "labeltop":
+            return "labeltop" if use_new else "labelright"
+        if side == "labelbottom":
+            return "labelbottom" if use_new else "labelleft"
+        # "labelleft" and "labelright" are stable across versions
+        return side
+
     def _is_ticklabel_on(self, side: str) -> bool:
         """
         Check if tick labels are on for the specified sides.
@@ -3274,10 +3294,8 @@ def _is_ticklabel_on(self, side: str) -> bool:
         label = "label1"
         if side in ["labelright", "labeltop"]:
             label = "label2"
-        for tick in axis.get_major_ticks():
-            if getattr(tick, label).get_visible():
-                return True
-        return False
+
+        return axis.get_tick_params().get(self._label_key(side), False)
 
     @docstring._snippet_manager
     def inset(self, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/ultraplot/axes/cartesian.py b/ultraplot/axes/cartesian.py
index 46685b5df..0678a2a8e 100644
--- a/ultraplot/axes/cartesian.py
+++ b/ultraplot/axes/cartesian.py
@@ -386,9 +386,7 @@ def _apply_axis_sharing(self):
         # bottommost or to the *right* of the leftmost panel. But the sharing level
         # used for the leftmost and bottommost is the *figure* sharing level.
 
-        # Get border axes once for efficiency
         border_axes = self.figure._get_border_axes()
-
         # Apply X axis sharing
         self._apply_axis_sharing_for_axis("x", border_axes)
 
@@ -412,128 +410,31 @@ def _apply_axis_sharing_for_axis(
         """
         if axis_name == "x":
             axis = self.xaxis
-            shared_axis = self._sharex
-            panel_group = self._panel_sharex_group
+            shared_axis = self._sharex  # do we share the xaxis?
+            panel_group = self._panel_sharex_group  # do we have a panel?
             sharing_level = self.figure._sharex
-            label_params = ["labeltop", "labelbottom"]
-            border_sides = ["top", "bottom"]
         else:  # axis_name == 'y'
             axis = self.yaxis
             shared_axis = self._sharey
             panel_group = self._panel_sharey_group
             sharing_level = self.figure._sharey
-            label_params = ["labelleft", "labelright"]
-            border_sides = ["left", "right"]
 
-        if shared_axis is None or not axis.get_visible():
+        if not axis.get_visible():
             return
 
         level = 3 if panel_group else sharing_level
 
         # Handle axis label sharing (level > 0)
-        if level > 0:
+        # If we are a border axis, @shared_axis may be None
+        # We propagate this through the _determine_tick_label_visiblity() logic
+        if level > 0 and shared_axis:
             shared_axis_obj = getattr(shared_axis, f"{axis_name}axis")
             labels._transfer_label(axis.label, shared_axis_obj.label)
             axis.label.set_visible(False)
 
-        # Handle tick label sharing (level > 2)
-        if level > 2:
-            label_visibility = self._determine_tick_label_visibility(
-                axis,
-                shared_axis,
-                axis_name,
-                label_params,
-                border_sides,
-                border_axes,
-            )
-            axis.set_tick_params(which="both", **label_visibility)
         # Turn minor ticks off
         axis.set_minor_formatter(mticker.NullFormatter())
 
-    def _determine_tick_label_visibility(
-        self,
-        axis: maxis.Axis,
-        shared_axis: maxis.Axis,
-        axis_name: str,
-        label_params: list[str],
-        border_sides: list[str],
-        border_axes: dict[str, list[plot.PlotAxes]],
-    ) -> dict[str, bool]:
-        """
-        Determine which tick labels should be visible based on sharing rules and borders.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        axis : matplotlib axis
-            The current axis object
-        shared_axis : Axes
-            The axes this one shares with
-        axis_name : str
-            Either 'x' or 'y'
-        label_params : list
-            List of label parameter names (e.g., ['labeltop', 'labelbottom'])
-        border_sides : list
-            List of border side names (e.g., ['top', 'bottom'])
-        border_axes : dict
-            Dictionary from _get_border_axes()
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        dict
-            Dictionary of label visibility parameters
-        """
-        ticks = axis.get_tick_params()
-        shared_axis_obj = getattr(shared_axis, f"{axis_name}axis")
-        sharing_ticks = shared_axis_obj.get_tick_params()
-
-        label_visibility = {}
-
-        def _convert_label_param(label_param: str) -> str:
-            # Deal with logic not being consistent
-            # in prior mpl versions
-            if version.parse(str(_version_mpl)) <= version.parse("3.9"):
-                if label_param == "labeltop" and axis_name == "x":
-                    label_param = "labelright"
-                elif label_param == "labelbottom" and axis_name == "x":
-                    label_param = "labelleft"
-            return label_param
-
-        for label_param, border_side in zip(label_params, border_sides):
-            # Check if user has explicitly set label location via format()
-            label_visibility[label_param] = False
-            has_panel = False
-            for panel in self._panel_dict[border_side]:
-                # Check if the panel is a colorbar
-                colorbars = [
-                    values
-                    for key, values in self._colorbar_dict.items()
-                    if border_side in key  # key is tuple (side, top | center | lower)
-                ]
-                if not panel in colorbars:
-                    # Skip colorbar as their
-                    # yaxis is not shared
-                    has_panel = True
-                    break
-            # When we have a panel, let the panel have
-            # the labels and turn-off for this axis + side.
-            if has_panel:
-                continue
-            is_border = self in border_axes.get(border_side, [])
-            is_panel = (
-                self in shared_axis._panel_dict[border_side]
-                and self == shared_axis._panel_dict[border_side][-1]
-            )
-            # Use automatic border detection logic
-            # if we are a panel we "push" the labels outwards
-            label_param_trans = _convert_label_param(label_param)
-            is_this_tick_on = ticks[label_param_trans]
-            is_parent_tick_on = sharing_ticks[label_param_trans]
-            if is_panel:
-                label_visibility[label_param] = is_parent_tick_on
-            elif is_border:
-                label_visibility[label_param] = is_this_tick_on
-        return label_visibility
-
     def _add_alt(self, sx, **kwargs):
         """
         Add an alternate axes.
diff --git a/ultraplot/axes/geo.py b/ultraplot/axes/geo.py
index 896bc0a6d..15c5f9a43 100644
--- a/ultraplot/axes/geo.py
+++ b/ultraplot/axes/geo.py
@@ -652,27 +652,16 @@ def _apply_axis_sharing(self):
                 or to the *right* of the leftmost panel. But the sharing level used for
                 the leftmost and bottommost is the *figure* sharing level.
         """
-        # Handle X axis sharing
-        if self._sharex:
-            self._handle_axis_sharing(
-                source_axis=self._sharex._lonaxis,
-                target_axis=self._lonaxis,
-            )
 
-        # Handle Y axis sharing
-        if self._sharey:
-            self._handle_axis_sharing(
-                source_axis=self._sharey._lataxis,
-                target_axis=self._lataxis,
-            )
+        # Share interval x
+        if self._sharex and self.figure._sharex >= 2:
+            self._lonaxis.set_view_interval(*self._sharex._lonaxis.get_view_interval())
+            self._lonaxis.set_minor_locator(self._sharex._lonaxis.get_minor_locator())
 
-        # This block is apart of the draw sequence as the
-        # gridliner object is created late in the
-        # build chain.
-        if not self.stale:
-            return
-        if self.figure._get_sharing_level() == 0:
-            return
+        # Share interval y
+        if self._sharey and self.figure._sharey >= 2:
+            self._lataxis.set_view_interval(*self._sharey._lataxis.get_view_interval())
+            self._lataxis.set_minor_locator(self._sharey._lataxis.get_minor_locator())
 
     def _get_gridliner_labels(
         self,
@@ -691,38 +680,36 @@ def _toggle_gridliner_labels(
         labelright=None,
         geo=None,
     ):
-        # For BasemapAxes the gridlines are dicts with key as the coordinate and  keys the line and label
-        # We override the dict here assuming the labels are mut excl due to the N S E W extra chars
+        """
+        Toggle visibility of gridliner labels for each direction.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        labeltop, labelbottom, labelleft, labelright : bool or None
+            Whether to show labels on each side. If None, do not change.
+        geo : optional
+            Not used in this method.
+        """
+        # Ensure gridlines_major is fully initialized
         if any(i is None for i in self.gridlines_major):
             return
+
         gridlabels = self._get_gridliner_labels(
             bottom=labelbottom, top=labeltop, left=labelleft, right=labelright
         )
-        bools = [labelbottom, labeltop, labelleft, labelright]
-        directions = "bottom top left right".split()
-        for direction, toggle in zip(directions, bools):
+
+        toggles = {
+            "bottom": labelbottom,
+            "top": labeltop,
+            "left": labelleft,
+            "right": labelright,
+        }
+
+        for direction, toggle in toggles.items():
             if toggle is None:
                 continue
             for label in gridlabels.get(direction, []):
-                label.set_visible(toggle)
-
-    def _handle_axis_sharing(
-        self,
-        source_axis: "GeoAxes",
-        target_axis: "GeoAxes",
-    ):
-        """
-        Helper method to handle axis sharing for both X and Y axes.
-
-        Args:
-            source_axis: The source axis to share from
-            target_axis: The target axis to apply sharing to
-        """
-        # Copy view interval and minor locator from source to target
-
-        if self.figure._get_sharing_level() >= 2:
-            target_axis.set_view_interval(*source_axis.get_view_interval())
-            target_axis.set_minor_locator(source_axis.get_minor_locator())
+                label.set_visible(bool(toggle) or toggle in ("x", "y"))
 
     @override
     def draw(self, renderer=None, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -1441,6 +1428,7 @@ def _is_ticklabel_on(self, side: str) -> bool:
         """
         # Deal with different cartopy versions
         left_labels, right_labels, bottom_labels, top_labels = self._get_side_labels()
+
         if self.gridlines_major is None:
             return False
         elif side == "labelleft":
diff --git a/ultraplot/axes/polar.py b/ultraplot/axes/polar.py
index d66e3e2ea..94950179d 100644
--- a/ultraplot/axes/polar.py
+++ b/ultraplot/axes/polar.py
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 """
 import inspect
 
+try:
+    from typing import override
+except:
+    from typing_extensions import override
+
 import matplotlib.projections.polar as mpolar
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -138,6 +143,11 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         for axis in (self.xaxis, self.yaxis):
             axis.set_tick_params(which="both", size=0)
 
+    @override
+    def _apply_axis_sharing(self):
+        # Not implemented. Silently pass
+        return
+
     def _update_formatter(self, x, *, formatter=None, formatter_kw=None):
         """
         Update the gridline label formatter.
diff --git a/ultraplot/figure.py b/ultraplot/figure.py
index d44f31e61..7a9410c73 100644
--- a/ultraplot/figure.py
+++ b/ultraplot/figure.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import inspect
 import os
 from numbers import Integral
+from packaging import version
 
 try:
     from typing import List
@@ -20,6 +21,11 @@
 import matplotlib.transforms as mtransforms
 import numpy as np
 
+try:
+    from typing import override
+except:
+    from typing_extensions import override
+
 from . import axes as paxes
 from . import constructor
 from . import gridspec as pgridspec
@@ -477,6 +483,21 @@ def _canvas_preprocess(self, *args, **kwargs):
     return canvas
 
 
+def _clear_border_cache(func):
+    """
+    Decorator that clears the border cache after function execution.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        result = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        if hasattr(self, "_cache_border_axes"):
+            delattr(self, "_cache_border_axes")
+        return result
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
 class Figure(mfigure.Figure):
     """
     The `~matplotlib.figure.Figure` subclass used by ultraplot.
@@ -801,6 +822,172 @@ def __init__(
         # NOTE: This ignores user-input rc_mode.
         self.format(rc_kw=rc_kw, rc_mode=1, skip_axes=True, **kw_format)
 
+    @override
+    def draw(self, renderer):
+        # implement the tick sharing here
+        # should be shareable --> either all cartesian or all geographic
+        # but no mixing (panels can be mixed)
+        # check which ticks are on for x or y and push the labels to the
+        # outer most on a given column or row.
+        # we can use get_border_axes for the outermost plots and then collect their outermost panels that are not colorbars
+        self._share_ticklabels(axis="x")
+        self._share_ticklabels(axis="y")
+        super().draw(renderer)
+
+    def _share_ticklabels(self, *, axis: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Tick label sharing is determined at the figure level. While
+        each subplot controls the limits, we are dealing with the ticklabels
+        here as the complexity is easier to deal with.
+            axis: str 'x' or 'y', row or columns to update
+        """
+        if not self.stale:
+            return
+
+        outer_axes = self._get_border_axes()
+
+        sides = ("top", "bottom") if axis == "x" else ("left", "right")
+
+        # Version-dependent label name mapping for reading back params
+        first_axi = next(self._iter_axes(panels=True), None)
+        if first_axi is None:
+            labelleft = "labelleft"
+            labelright = "labelright"
+            labeltop = "labeltop"
+            labelbottom = "labelbottom"
+        else:
+            labelleft = first_axi._label_key("labelleft")
+            labelright = first_axi._label_key("labelright")
+            labeltop = first_axi._label_key("labeltop")
+            labelbottom = first_axi._label_key("labelbottom")
+
+        # Group axes by row (for x) or column (for y)
+        def _group_key(ax):
+            ss = ax.get_subplotspec()
+            return ss.rowspan.start if axis == "x" else ss.colspan.start
+
+        axes = list(self._iter_axes(panels=True, hidden=False))
+        groups = {}
+        for axi in axes:
+            try:
+                key = _group_key(axi)
+            except Exception:
+                # If we can't get a subplotspec, skip grouping for this axes
+                continue
+            groups.setdefault(key, []).append(axi)
+
+        # Process each group independently
+        for key, group_axes in groups.items():
+            # Build baseline from MAIN axes only (exclude panels)
+            tick_params_group = {}
+            subplot_types_group = set()
+            unsupported_found = False
+
+            for axi in group_axes:
+                # Only main axes "vote" for baseline
+                if getattr(axi, "_panel_side", None):
+                    continue
+                # Supported axes types
+                if not isinstance(
+                    axi, (paxes.CartesianAxes, paxes._CartopyAxes, paxes._BasemapAxes)
+                ):
+                    warnings._warn_ultraplot(
+                        f"Tick label sharing not implemented for {type(axi)} subplots."
+                    )
+                    unsupported_found = True
+                    break
+                subplot_types_group.add(type(axi))
+                match axis:
+                    # Handle x
+                    case "x" if isinstance(axi, paxes.CartesianAxes):
+                        tmp = axi.xaxis.get_tick_params()
+                        if tmp.get(labeltop):
+                            tick_params_group[labeltop] = tmp[labeltop]
+                        if tmp.get(labelbottom):
+                            tick_params_group[labelbottom] = tmp[labelbottom]
+                    case "x" if isinstance(axi, paxes.GeoAxes):
+                        if axi._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop"):
+                            tick_params_group["labeltop"] = axi._is_ticklabel_on(
+                                "labeltop"
+                            )
+                        if axi._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom"):
+                            tick_params_group["labelbottom"] = axi._is_ticklabel_on(
+                                "labelbottom"
+                            )
+
+                    # Handle y
+                    case "y" if isinstance(axi, paxes.CartesianAxes):
+                        tmp = axi.yaxis.get_tick_params()
+                        if tmp.get(labelleft):
+                            tick_params_group[labelleft] = tmp[labelleft]
+                        if tmp.get(labelright):
+                            tick_params_group[labelright] = tmp[labelright]
+                    case "y" if isinstance(axi, paxes.GeoAxes):
+                        if axi._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft"):
+                            tick_params_group["labelleft"] = axi._is_ticklabel_on(
+                                "labelleft"
+                            )
+                        if axi._is_ticklabel_on("labelright"):
+                            tick_params_group["labelright"] = axi._is_ticklabel_on(
+                                "labelright"
+                            )
+
+            # Skip group if unsupported axes were found
+            if unsupported_found:
+                continue
+
+            # We cannot mix types (yet) within a group
+            if len(subplot_types_group) > 1:
+                warnings._warn_ultraplot(
+                    "Tick label sharing not implemented for mixed subplot types."
+                )
+                continue
+
+            # Apply baseline to all axes in the group (including panels)
+            for axi in group_axes:
+                tmp = tick_params_group.copy()
+
+                # Respect figure border sides: only keep labels on true borders
+                for side in sides:
+                    label = f"label{side}"
+                    if isinstance(axi, paxes.CartesianAxes):
+                        # For cartesian, use version-mapped key when reading/writing
+                        label = axi._label_key(label)
+                    if axi not in outer_axes[side]:
+                        tmp[label] = False
+                    from .axes.cartesian import OPPOSITE_SIDE
+
+                    if axi._panel_side and OPPOSITE_SIDE[axi._panel_side] == side:
+                        tmp[label] = False
+
+                # Determine sharing level for this axes
+                level = getattr(self, f"_share{axis}")
+                if axis == "y":
+                    if hasattr(axi, "_panel_sharey_group") and axi._panel_sharey_group:
+                        level = 3
+                    elif getattr(axi, "_panel_side", None) and getattr(
+                        axi, "_sharey", None
+                    ):
+                        level = 3
+                else:  # x-axis
+                    if hasattr(axi, "_panel_sharex_group") and axi._panel_sharex_group:
+                        level = 3
+                    elif getattr(axi, "_panel_side", None) and getattr(
+                        axi, "_sharex", None
+                    ):
+                        level = 3
+
+                if level < 3:
+                    continue
+
+                # Apply to geo/cartesian appropriately
+                if isinstance(axi, paxes.GeoAxes):
+                    axi._toggle_gridliner_labels(**tmp)
+                elif tmp:
+                    getattr(axi, f"{axis}axis").set_tick_params(**tmp)
+
+        self.stale = True
+
     def _context_adjusting(self, cache=True):
         """
         Prevent re-running auto layout steps due to draws triggered by figure
@@ -928,8 +1115,9 @@ def _get_border_axes(
         if gs is None:
             return border_axes
 
-        # Skip colorbars or panels etc
-        all_axes = [axi for axi in self.axes if axi.number is not None]
+        all_axes = []
+        for axi in self._iter_axes(panels=True):
+            all_axes.append(axi)
 
         # Handle empty cases
         nrows, ncols = gs.nrows, gs.ncols
@@ -941,26 +1129,52 @@ def _get_border_axes(
         # Reconstruct the grid based on axis locations. Note that
         # spanning axes will fit into one of the boxes. Check
         # this with unittest to see how empty axes are handles
-        grid, grid_axis_type, seen_axis_type = _get_subplot_layout(
-            gs,
-            all_axes,
-            same_type=same_type,
-        )
+
+        gs = self.axes[0].get_gridspec()
+        shape = (gs.nrows_total, gs.ncols_total)
+        grid = np.zeros(shape, dtype=object)
+        grid.fill(None)
+        grid_axis_type = np.zeros(shape, dtype=int)
+        seen_axis_type = dict()
+        ax_type_mapping = dict()
+        for axi in self._iter_axes(panels=True, hidden=True):
+            gs = axi.get_subplotspec()
+            x, y = np.unravel_index(gs.num1, shape)
+            span = gs._get_rows_columns()
+
+            xleft, xright, yleft, yright = span
+            xspan = xright - xleft + 1
+            yspan = yright - yleft + 1
+            number = axi.number
+            axis_type = type(axi)
+            if isinstance(axi, (paxes.GeoAxes)):
+                axis_type = axi.projection
+            if axis_type not in seen_axis_type:
+                seen_axis_type[axis_type] = len(seen_axis_type)
+            type_number = seen_axis_type[axis_type]
+            ax_type_mapping[axi] = type_number
+            if axi.get_visible():
+                grid[x : x + xspan, y : y + yspan] = axi
+            grid_axis_type[x : x + xspan, y : y + yspan] = type_number
         # We check for all axes is they are a border or not
         # Note we could also write the crawler in a way where
         # it find the borders by moving around in the grid, without spawning on each axis point. We may change
         # this in the future
         for axi in all_axes:
-            axis_type = seen_axis_type.get(type(axi), 1)
+            axis_type = ax_type_mapping[axi]
+            number = axi.number
+            if axi.number is None:
+                number = -axi._panel_parent.number
             crawler = _Crawler(
                 ax=axi,
                 grid=grid,
-                target=axi.number,
+                target=number,
                 axis_type=axis_type,
                 grid_axis_type=grid_axis_type,
             )
             for direction, is_border in crawler.find_edges():
-                if is_border:
+                # print(">>", is_border, direction, axi.number)
+                if is_border and axi not in border_axes[direction]:
                     border_axes[direction].append(axi)
         self._cached_border_axes = border_axes
         return border_axes
@@ -1054,12 +1268,7 @@ def _get_renderer(self):
                 renderer = canvas.get_renderer()
         return renderer
 
-    def _get_sharing_level(self):
-        """
-        We take the average here as the sharex and sharey should be the same value. In case this changes in the future we can track down the error easily
-        """
-        return 0.5 * (self.figure._sharex + self.figure._sharey)
-
+    @_clear_border_cache
     def _add_axes_panel(self, ax, side=None, **kwargs):
         """
         Add an axes panel.
@@ -1102,8 +1311,66 @@ def _add_axes_panel(self, ax, side=None, **kwargs):
         axis = pax.yaxis if side in ("left", "right") else pax.xaxis
         getattr(axis, "tick_" + side)()  # set tick and tick label position
         axis.set_label_position(side)  # set label position
+        # Sync limits and formatters with parent when sharing to ensure consistent ticks
+        if share:
+            # Copy limits for the shared axis
+            if side in ("left", "right"):
+                try:
+                    pax.set_ylim(ax.get_ylim())
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            else:
+                try:
+                    pax.set_xlim(ax.get_xlim())
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            # Align with backend: for GeoAxes, use lon/lat degree formatters on panels.
+            # Otherwise, copy the parent's axis formatters.
+            if isinstance(ax, paxes.GeoAxes):
+                fmt_key = "deglat" if side in ("left", "right") else "deglon"
+                axis.set_major_formatter(constructor.Formatter(fmt_key))
+            else:
+                paxis = ax.yaxis if side in ("left", "right") else ax.xaxis
+                axis.set_major_formatter(paxis.get_major_formatter())
+                axis.set_minor_formatter(paxis.get_minor_formatter())
+        # Push main axes tick labels to the outside relative to the added panel
+        # Skip this for filled panels (colorbars/legends)
+        if not kw.get("filled", False):
+            if isinstance(ax, paxes.GeoAxes):
+                if side == "top":
+                    ax._toggle_gridliner_labels(labeltop=False)
+                elif side == "bottom":
+                    ax._toggle_gridliner_labels(labelbottom=False)
+                elif side == "left":
+                    ax._toggle_gridliner_labels(labelleft=False)
+                elif side == "right":
+                    ax._toggle_gridliner_labels(labelright=False)
+            else:
+                if side == "top":
+                    ax.xaxis.set_tick_params(labeltop=False)
+                elif side == "bottom":
+                    ax.xaxis.set_tick_params(labelbottom=False)
+                elif side == "left":
+                    ax.yaxis.set_tick_params(labelleft=False)
+                elif side == "right":
+                    ax.yaxis.set_tick_params(labelright=False)
+
+        # Panel labels: prefer outside only for non-sharing top/right; otherwise keep off
+        if side == "top":
+            if not share:
+                pax.xaxis.set_tick_params(labeltop=True, labelbottom=False)
+            else:
+                pax.xaxis.set_tick_params(labeltop=False)
+        elif side == "right":
+            if not share:
+                pax.yaxis.set_tick_params(labelright=True, labelleft=False)
+            else:
+                pax.yaxis.set_tick_params(labelright=False)
+                ax.yaxis.set_tick_params(labelright=False)
+
         return pax
 
+    @_clear_border_cache
     def _add_figure_panel(
         self, side=None, span=None, row=None, col=None, rows=None, cols=None, **kwargs
     ):
@@ -1138,6 +1405,7 @@ def _add_figure_panel(
         pax._panel_parent = None
         return pax
 
+    @_clear_border_cache
     def _add_subplot(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         The driver function for adding single subplots.
@@ -1246,9 +1514,6 @@ def _add_subplot(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
         if ax.number:
             self._subplot_dict[ax.number] = ax
-        # Invalidate border axes cache
-        if hasattr(self, "_cached_border_axes"):
-            delattr(self, "_cached_border_axes")
         return ax
 
     def _unshare_axes(self):
@@ -1263,56 +1528,6 @@ def _unshare_axes(self):
             if isinstance(ax, paxes.GeoAxes) and hasattr(ax, "set_global"):
                 ax.set_global()
 
-    def _share_labels_with_others(self, *, which="both"):
-        """
-        Helpers function to ensure the labels
-        are shared for rectilinear GeoAxes.
-        """
-        # Only apply sharing of labels when we are
-        # actually sharing labels.
-        if self._get_sharing_level() == 0:
-            return
-        # Turn all labels off
-        # Note: this action performs it for all the axes in
-        # the figure. We use the stale here to only perform
-        # it once as it is an expensive action.
-        # The axis will be a border if it is either
-        # (a) on the edge
-        # (b) not next to a subplot
-        # (c) not next to a subplot of the same kind
-        border_axes = self._get_border_axes()
-        # Recode:
-        recoded = {}
-        for direction, axes in border_axes.items():
-            for axi in axes:
-                recoded[axi] = recoded.get(axi, []) + [direction]
-
-        are_ticks_on = False
-        default = dict(
-            labelleft=are_ticks_on,
-            labelright=are_ticks_on,
-            labeltop=are_ticks_on,
-            labelbottom=are_ticks_on,
-        )
-        for axi in self._iter_axes(hidden=False, panels=False, children=False):
-            # Turn the ticks on or off depending on the position
-            sides = recoded.get(axi, [])
-            turn_on_or_off = default.copy()
-
-            for side in sides:
-                sidelabel = f"label{side}"
-                is_label_on = axi._is_ticklabel_on(sidelabel)
-                if is_label_on:
-                    # When we are a border an the labels are on
-                    # we keep them on
-                    assert sidelabel in turn_on_or_off
-                    turn_on_or_off[sidelabel] = True
-
-            if isinstance(axi, paxes.GeoAxes):
-                axi._toggle_gridliner_labels(**turn_on_or_off)
-            else:
-                axi._apply_axis_sharing()
-
     def _toggle_axis_sharing(
         self,
         *,
@@ -1728,6 +1943,7 @@ def _update_super_title(self, title, **kwargs):
         if title is not None:
             self._suptitle.set_text(title)
 
+    @_clear_border_cache
     @docstring._concatenate_inherited
     @docstring._snippet_manager
     def add_axes(self, rect, **kwargs):
@@ -1822,7 +2038,6 @@ def _align_content():  # noqa: E306
         # subsequent tight layout really weird. Have to resize twice.
         _draw_content()
         if not gs:
-            print("hello")
             return
         if aspect:
             gs._auto_layout_aspect()
@@ -1968,12 +2183,6 @@ def format(
             }
             ax.format(rc_kw=rc_kw, rc_mode=rc_mode, skip_figure=True, **kw, **kwargs)
             ax.number = store_old_number
-        # When we apply formatting to all axes, we need
-        # to potentially adjust the labels.
-
-        if len(axs) == len(self.axes) and self._get_sharing_level() > 0:
-            self._share_labels_with_others()
-
         # Warn unused keyword argument(s)
         kw = {
             key: value
@@ -1985,53 +2194,6 @@ def format(
                 f"Ignoring unused projection-specific format() keyword argument(s): {kw}"  # noqa: E501
             )
 
-    def _share_labels_with_others(self, *, which="both"):
-        """
-        Helpers function to ensure the labels
-        are shared for rectilinear GeoAxes.
-        """
-        # Turn all labels off
-        # Note: this action performs it for all the axes in
-        # the figure. We use the stale here to only perform
-        # it once as it is an expensive action.
-        border_axes = self._get_border_axes(same_type=False)
-        # Recode:
-        recoded = {}
-        for direction, axes in border_axes.items():
-            for axi in axes:
-                recoded[axi] = recoded.get(axi, []) + [direction]
-
-        # We turn off the tick labels when the scale and
-        # ticks are shared (level > 0)
-        are_ticks_on = False
-        default = dict(
-            labelleft=are_ticks_on,
-            labelright=are_ticks_on,
-            labeltop=are_ticks_on,
-            labelbottom=are_ticks_on,
-        )
-        for axi in self._iter_axes(hidden=False, panels=False, children=False):
-            # Turn the ticks on or off depending on the position
-            sides = recoded.get(axi, [])
-            turn_on_or_off = default.copy()
-            # The axis will be a border if it is either
-            # (a) on the edge
-            # (b) not next to a subplot
-            # (c) not next to a subplot of the same kind
-            for side in sides:
-                sidelabel = f"label{side}"
-                is_label_on = axi._is_ticklabel_on(sidelabel)
-                if is_label_on:
-                    # When we are a border an the labels are on
-                    # we keep them on
-                    assert sidelabel in turn_on_or_off
-                    turn_on_or_off[sidelabel] = True
-
-            if isinstance(axi, paxes.GeoAxes):
-                axi._toggle_gridliner_labels(**turn_on_or_off)
-            else:
-                axi.tick_params(which=which, **turn_on_or_off)
-
     @docstring._concatenate_inherited
     @docstring._snippet_manager
     def colorbar(
diff --git a/ultraplot/gridspec.py b/ultraplot/gridspec.py
index 159cac2c5..029b61c1e 100644
--- a/ultraplot/gridspec.py
+++ b/ultraplot/gridspec.py
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ def _get_rows_columns(self, ncols=None):
         row2, col2 = divmod(self.num2, ncols)
         return row1, row2, col1, col2
 
-    def _get_grid_span(self, hidden=False) -> (int, int, int, int):
+    def _get_grid_span(self, hidden=True) -> (int, int, int, int):
         """
         Retrieve the location of the subplot within the
         gridspec. When hidden is False we only consider
@@ -203,11 +203,12 @@ def _get_grid_span(self, hidden=False) -> (int, int, int, int):
         """
         gs = self.get_gridspec()
         nrows, ncols = gs.nrows_total, gs.ncols_total
-        if not hidden:
+        if hidden:
+            x, y = np.unravel_index(self.num1, (nrows, ncols))
+        else:
             nrows, ncols = gs.nrows, gs.ncols
-        # Use num1 or num2
-        decoded = gs._decode_indices(self.num1)
-        x, y = np.unravel_index(decoded, (nrows, ncols))
+            decoded = gs._decode_indices(self.num1)
+            x, y = np.unravel_index(decoded, (nrows, ncols))
         span = self._get_rows_columns()
 
         xspan = span[1] - span[0] + 1  # inclusive
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/conftest.py b/ultraplot/tests/conftest.py
index e6848abaa..db2482d90 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/conftest.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import warnings, logging
 
 logging.getLogger("matplotlib").setLevel(logging.ERROR)
-
 SEED = 51423
 
 
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_2dplots.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_2dplots.py
index 13f084c64..a2b75319d 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/test_2dplots.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_2dplots.py
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ def test_auto_diverging1(rng):
     """
     # Test with basic data
     fig = uplt.figure()
-    # fig.format(collabels=('Auto sequential', 'Auto diverging'), suptitle='Default')
     ax = fig.subplot(121)
     ax.pcolor(rng.random((10, 10)) * 5, colorbar="b")
     ax = fig.subplot(122)
     ax.pcolor(rng.random((10, 10)) * 5 - 3.5, colorbar="b")
     fig.format(toplabels=("Sequential", "Diverging"))
+    fig.canvas.draw()
     return fig
 
 
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_axes.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_axes.py
index a04c2233a..75ccb3aa3 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/test_axes.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_axes.py
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ def test_sharing_labels_top_right():
                 [3, 4, 5],
                 [3, 4, 0],
             ],
-            3,  # default sharing level
+            True,  # default sharing level
             {"xticklabelloc": "t", "yticklabelloc": "r"},
             [1, 3, 4],  # y-axis labels visible indices
             [0, 1, 4],  # x-axis labels visible indices
@@ -405,6 +405,7 @@ def check_state(ax, numbers, state, which):
 
     # Format axes with the specified tick label locations
     ax.format(**tick_loc)
+    fig.canvas.draw()  # needed for sharing labels
 
     # Calculate the indices where labels should be hidden
     all_indices = list(range(len(ax)))
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_figure.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_figure.py
index 0e92f8f2f..cffa3c7f6 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/test_figure.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_figure.py
@@ -58,7 +58,17 @@ def test_unsharing_different_rectilinear():
     """
     with pytest.warns(uplt.internals.warnings.UltraPlotWarning):
         fig, ax = uplt.subplots(ncols=2, proj=("cyl", "merc"), share="all")
-    uplt.close(fig)
+
+
+def test_get_renderer_basic():
+    """
+    Test that _get_renderer returns a renderer object.
+    """
+    fig, ax = uplt.subplots()
+    renderer = fig._get_renderer()
+    # Renderer should not be None and should have draw_path method
+    assert renderer is not None
+    assert hasattr(renderer, "draw_path")
 
 
 def test_figure_sharing_toggle():
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_geographic.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_geographic.py
index 35789a54d..c94b0adf9 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/test_geographic.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_geographic.py
@@ -296,6 +296,7 @@ def are_labels_on(ax, which=["top", "bottom", "right", "left"]) -> tuple[bool]:
     settings = dict(land=True, ocean=True, labels="both")
     fig, ax = uplt.subplots(layout, share="all", proj="cyl")
     ax.format(**settings)
+    fig.canvas.draw()  # needed for sharing labels
     for axi in ax:
         state = are_labels_on(axi)
         expectation = expectations[axi.number - 1]
@@ -491,7 +492,8 @@ def test_get_gridliner_labels_cartopy():
     uplt.close(fig)
 
 
-def test_sharing_levels():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("level", [0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+def test_sharing_levels(level):
     """
     We can share limits or labels.
     We check if we can do both for the GeoAxes.
@@ -515,7 +517,6 @@ def test_sharing_levels():
 
     x = np.array([0, 10])
     y = np.array([0, 10])
-    sharing_levels = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
     lonlim = latlim = np.array((-10, 10))
 
     def assert_views_are_sharing(ax):
@@ -551,46 +552,42 @@ def assert_views_are_sharing(ax):
             l2 = np.linalg.norm(
                 np.asarray(latview) - np.asarray(target_lat),
             )
-            level = ax.figure._get_sharing_level()
+            level = ax.figure._sharex
             if level <= 1:
                 share_x = share_y = False
             assert np.allclose(l1, 0) == share_x
             assert np.allclose(l2, 0) == share_y
 
-    for level in sharing_levels:
-        fig, ax = uplt.subplots(ncols=2, nrows=2, proj="cyl", share=level)
-        ax.format(labels="both")
-        for axi in ax:
-            axi.format(
-                lonlim=lonlim * axi.number,
-                latlim=latlim * axi.number,
-            )
+    fig, ax = uplt.subplots(ncols=2, nrows=2, proj="cyl", share=level)
+    ax.format(labels="both")
+    for axi in ax:
+        axi.format(
+            lonlim=lonlim * axi.number,
+            latlim=latlim * axi.number,
+        )
 
-        fig.canvas.draw()
-        for idx, axi in enumerate(ax):
-            axi.plot(x * (idx + 1), y * (idx + 1))
-
-        fig.canvas.draw()  # need this to update the labels
-        # All the labels should be on
-        for axi in ax:
-            side_labels = axi._get_gridliner_labels(
-                left=True,
-                right=True,
-                top=True,
-                bottom=True,
-            )
-            s = 0
-            for dir, labels in side_labels.items():
-                s += any([label.get_visible() for label in labels])
-
-            assert_views_are_sharing(axi)
-            # When we share the labels but not the limits,
-            # we expect all ticks to be on
-            if level == 0:
-                assert s == 4
-            else:
-                assert s == 2
-        uplt.close(fig)
+    fig.canvas.draw()
+    for idx, axi in enumerate(ax):
+        axi.plot(x * (idx + 1), y * (idx + 1))
+
+    # All the labels should be on
+    for axi in ax:
+
+        s = sum(
+            [
+                1 if axi._is_ticklabel_on(side) else 0
+                for side in "labeltop labelbottom labelleft labelright".split()
+            ]
+        )
+
+        assert_views_are_sharing(axi)
+        # When we share the labels but not the limits,
+        # we expect all ticks to be on
+        if level > 2:
+            assert s == 2
+        else:
+            assert s == 4
+    uplt.close(fig)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.mpl_image_compare
@@ -616,8 +613,10 @@ def test_cartesian_and_geo(rng):
         ax.format(land=True, lonlim=(-10, 10), latlim=(-10, 10))
         ax[0].pcolormesh(rng.random((10, 10)))
         ax[1].scatter(*rng.random((2, 100)))
-        ax[0]._apply_axis_sharing()
-        assert mocked.call_count == 2
+        fig.canvas.draw()
+        assert (
+            mocked.call_count > 2
+        )  # needs to be called at least twice; one for each axis
     return fig
 
 
@@ -676,21 +675,38 @@ def test_check_tricontourf():
 def test_panels_geo():
     fig, ax = uplt.subplots(proj="cyl")
     ax.format(labels=True)
-    for dir in "top bottom right left".split():
+    dirs = "top bottom right left".split()
+    for dir in dirs:
         pax = ax.panel_axes(dir)
-        match dir:
-            case "top":
-                assert len(pax.get_xticklabels()) > 0
-                assert len(pax.get_yticklabels()) > 0
-            case "bottom":
-                assert len(pax.get_xticklabels()) > 0
-                assert len(pax.get_yticklabels()) > 0
-            case "left":
-                assert len(pax.get_xticklabels()) > 0
-                assert len(pax.get_yticklabels()) > 0
-            case "right":
-                assert len(pax.get_xticklabels()) > 0
-                assert len(pax.get_yticklabels()) > 0
+    fig.canvas.draw()
+    pax = ax[0]._panel_dict["left"][-1]
+    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")  # should not error
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+    pax = ax[0]._panel_dict["top"][-1]
+    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")  # should not error
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+    pax = ax[0]._panel_dict["bottom"][-1]
+    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")  # should not error
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+    pax = ax[0]._panel_dict["right"][-1]
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")  # should not error
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not pax._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+    for dir in dirs:
+        not ax[0]._is_ticklabel_on(f"label{dir}")
+
+    return fig
 
 
 @pytest.mark.mpl_image_compare
@@ -807,6 +823,7 @@ def are_labels_on(ax, which=("top", "bottom", "right", "left")) -> tuple[bool]:
     h = ax.imshow(data)[0]
     ax.format(land=True, labels="both")  # need this otherwise no labels are printed
     fig.colorbar(h, loc="r")
+    fig.canvas.draw()  # needed to  invoke axis sharing
 
     expectations = (
         [True, False, False, True],
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_inset.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_inset.py
index ea1bf76af..9a1dfc611 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/test_inset.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_inset.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ def test_inset_basic():
     # spacing, aspect ratios, and axis sharing
     gs = uplt.GridSpec(nrows=2, ncols=2)
     fig = uplt.figure(refwidth=1.5, share=False)
+    fig.canvas.draw()
     for ss, side in zip(gs, "tlbr"):
         ax = fig.add_subplot(ss)
         px = ax.panel_axes(side, width="3em")
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_sharing.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_sharing.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..620e879f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_sharing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import pytest, ultraplot as uplt
+
+"""
+Sharing levels for subplots determine the visibility of the axis labels and tick labels.
+
+Axis labels are pushed to the border subplots when the sharing level is greater than 1.
+
+Ticks are visible only on the border plots when the sharing level is greater than 2.
+
+Or more verbosely:
+    sharey = 0: no sharing, all labels and ticks visible
+    sharey = 1: share axis labels, tick labels are still independent
+    sharey = 2: share data limits
+    sharey = 3 or True, share both ticks and labels
+A similar story holds for sharex.
+"""
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("share_level", [0, "labels", "labs", 1, True])
+@pytest.mark.mpl_image_compare
+def test_sharing_levels_y(share_level):
+    """
+    Test sharing levels for y-axis: left and right ticks/labels.
+    """
+    fig, axs = uplt.subplots(None, 2, 3, sharey=share_level)
+    axs.format(ylabel="Y")
+    axs.format(title=f"sharey = {share_level}")
+    fig.canvas.draw()  # needed for checks
+
+    if fig._sharey < 3:
+        border_axes = set(axs)
+    else:
+        # Reduce border_axes to a set of axes for left and right
+        border_axes = set()
+        for direction in ["left", "right"]:
+            axes = fig._get_border_axes().get(direction, [])
+            if isinstance(axes, (list, tuple, set)):
+                border_axes.update(axes)
+            else:
+                border_axes.add(axes)
+    for axi in axs:
+        tick_params = axi.yaxis.get_tick_params()
+        for direction in ["left", "right"]:
+            label_key = f"label{direction}"
+            visible = tick_params.get(label_key, False)
+            is_border = axi in fig._get_border_axes().get(direction, [])
+            if direction == "left" and (fig._sharey < 3 or is_border):
+                assert visible
+            else:
+                assert not visible
+    return fig
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("share_level", [0, "labels", "labs", 1, True])
+@pytest.mark.mpl_image_compare
+def test_sharing_levels_x(share_level):
+    """
+    Test sharing levels for x-axis: top and bottom ticks/labels.
+    """
+    fig, axs = uplt.subplots(None, 2, 3, sharex=share_level)
+    axs.format(xlabel="X")
+    axs.format(title=f"sharex = {share_level}")
+    fig.canvas.draw()  # needed for checks
+
+    # Get the border axes
+    if fig._sharex < 3:
+        border_axes = set(axs)
+    else:
+        # Reduce border_axes to a set of axes for top and bottom
+        border_axes = set()
+        for direction in ["top", "bottom"]:
+            axes = fig._get_border_axes().get(direction, [])
+            if isinstance(axes, (list, tuple, set)):
+                border_axes.update(axes)
+            else:
+                border_axes.add(axes)
+
+    # Run tests
+    for axi in axs:
+        tick_params = axi.xaxis.get_tick_params()
+        # Get correct directions depending on mpl version
+        from ultraplot.internals.versions import _version_mpl
+        from packaging import version
+
+        if version.parse(str(_version_mpl)) >= version.parse("3.10"):
+            direction_label_map = {"top": "labeltop", "bottom": "labelbottom"}
+        else:
+            direction_label_map = {"top": "labelright", "bottom": "labelleft"}
+
+        for direction in ["top", "bottom"]:
+            label_key = direction_label_map[direction]
+            visible = tick_params.get(label_key, False)
+            is_border = axi in fig._get_border_axes().get(direction, [])
+            if direction == "bottom" and (fig._sharex < 3 or is_border):
+                assert visible
+            else:
+                assert not visible
+    return fig
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_subplots.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_subplots.py
index e215a90ee..d2379ad73 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/test_subplots.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_subplots.py
@@ -290,29 +290,53 @@ def test_panel_sharing_top_right(layout):
     for dir in "left right top bottom".split():
         pax = ax[0].panel(dir)
     fig.canvas.draw()  # force redraw tick labels
-    for dir, paxs in ax[0]._panel_dict.items():
-        # Since we are sharing some of the ticks
-        # should be hidden depending on where the panel is
-        # in the grid
-        for pax in paxs:
-            match dir:
-                case "left":
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
-                case "top":
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop") == False
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom") == False
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
-                case "right":
-                    print(pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelright"))
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelright") == False
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
-                case "bottom":
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
-                    assert pax._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom") == False
-
-        # The sharing axis is not showing any ticks
-        assert ax[0]._is_ticklabel_on(dir) == False
+
+    # Main panel: ticks are off
+    assert not ax[0]._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert not ax[0]._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not ax[0]._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert not ax[0]._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+    # For panels the inside ticks are off
+    panel = ax[0]._panel_dict["left"][-1]
+    assert panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+
+    panel = ax[0]._panel_dict["top"][-1]
+    assert panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+
+    panel = ax[0]._panel_dict["right"][-1]
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+
+    panel = ax[0]._panel_dict["bottom"][-1]
+    assert panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not panel._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+
+    assert not ax[1]._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert not ax[1]._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not ax[1]._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert not ax[1]._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+    assert ax[2]._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert not ax[2]._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not ax[2]._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert ax[2]._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+    assert not ax[3]._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+    assert not ax[3]._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+    assert not ax[3]._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+    assert ax[3]._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
     return fig
 
 
@@ -327,3 +351,67 @@ def test_uneven_span_subplots(rng):
     axs[-1, -1].format(fc="gray4", grid=False)
     axs[0].plot((rng.random((50, 10)) - 0.5).cumsum(axis=0), cycle="Grays_r", lw=2)
     return fig
+
+
+@pytest.mark.mpl_image_compare
+def test_uneven_span_subplots(rng):
+    fig = uplt.figure(refwidth=1, refnum=5, span=False)
+    axs = fig.subplots([[1, 1, 2], [3, 4, 2], [3, 4, 5]], hratios=[2.2, 1, 1])
+    axs.format(xlabel="xlabel", ylabel="ylabel", suptitle="Complex SubplotGrid")
+    axs[0].format(ec="black", fc="gray1", lw=1.4)
+    axs[1, 1:].format(fc="blush")
+    axs[1, :1].format(fc="sky blue")
+    axs[-1, -1].format(fc="gray4", grid=False)
+    axs[0].plot((rng.random((50, 10)) - 0.5).cumsum(axis=0), cycle="Grays_r", lw=2)
+    return fig
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("share_panels", [True, False])
+def test_panel_ticklabels_all_sides_share_and_no_share(share_panels):
+    # 2x2 grid; add panels on all sides of the first axes
+    fig, ax = uplt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=2)
+    axi = ax[0]
+
+    # Create panels on all sides with configurable sharing
+    pax_left = axi.panel("left", share=share_panels)
+    pax_right = axi.panel("right", share=share_panels)
+    pax_top = axi.panel("top", share=share_panels)
+    pax_bottom = axi.panel("bottom", share=share_panels)
+
+    # Force draw so ticklabel state is resolved
+    fig.canvas.draw()
+
+    def assert_panel(axi_panel, side, share_flag):
+        on_left = axi_panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelleft")
+        on_right = axi_panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelright")
+        on_top = axi_panel._is_ticklabel_on("labeltop")
+        on_bottom = axi_panel._is_ticklabel_on("labelbottom")
+
+        # Inside (toward the main) must be off in all cases
+        if side == "left":
+            # Inside is right
+            assert not on_right
+        elif side == "right":
+            # Inside is left
+            assert not on_left
+        elif side == "top":
+            # Inside is bottom
+            assert not on_bottom
+        elif side == "bottom":
+            # Inside is top
+            assert not on_top
+
+        if not share_flag:
+            # For non-sharing panels, prefer outside labels on for top/right
+            if side == "right":
+                assert on_right
+            if side == "top":
+                assert on_top
+            # For left/bottom non-sharing, we don't enforce outside on here
+            # (baseline may keep left/bottom on the main)
+
+    # Check each panel side
+    assert_panel(pax_left, "left", share_panels)
+    assert_panel(pax_right, "right", share_panels)
+    assert_panel(pax_top, "top", share_panels)
+    assert_panel(pax_bottom, "bottom", share_panels)
diff --git a/ultraplot/utils.py b/ultraplot/utils.py
index 1b1b97a95..621127982 100644
--- a/ultraplot/utils.py
+++ b/ultraplot/utils.py
@@ -918,7 +918,8 @@ def _get_subplot_layout(
     axis types. This function is used internally to determine
     the layout of axes in a GridSpec.
     """
-    grid = np.zeros((gs.nrows, gs.ncols))
+    grid = np.zeros((gs.nrows_total, gs.ncols_total), dtype=object)
+    grid.fill(None)
     grid_axis_type = np.zeros((gs.nrows, gs.ncols))
     # Collect grouper based on kinds of axes. This
     # would allow us to share labels across types
@@ -936,7 +937,7 @@ def _get_subplot_layout(
         grid[
             slice(*rowspan),
             slice(*colspan),
-        ] = axi.number
+        ] = axi
 
         # Allow grouping of mixed types
         axis_type = 1
@@ -996,22 +997,28 @@ def find_edge_for(
         direction: str,
         d: tuple[int, int],
     ) -> tuple[str, bool]:
-        from itertools import product
-
         """
         Setup search for a specific direction.
         """
 
+        from itertools import product
+
         # Retrieve where the axis is in the grid
         spec = self.ax.get_subplotspec()
-        spans = spec._get_grid_span()
+        shape = (spec.get_gridspec().nrows_total, spec.get_gridspec().ncols_total)
+        x, y = np.unravel_index(spec.num1, shape)
+        spans = spec._get_rows_columns()
         rowspan = spans[:2]
         colspan = spans[-2:]
-        xs = range(*rowspan)
-        ys = range(*colspan)
+
+        a = rowspan[1] - rowspan[0]
+        b = colspan[1] - colspan[0]
+        xs = range(x, x + a + 1)
+        ys = range(y, y + b + 1)
+
         is_border = False
-        for x, y in product(xs, ys):
-            pos = (x, y)
+        for xl, yl in product(xs, ys):
+            pos = (xl, yl)
             if self.is_border(pos, d):
                 is_border = True
                 break
@@ -1026,27 +1033,31 @@ def is_border(
         Recursively move over the grid by following the direction.
         """
         x, y = pos
-        # Check if we are at an edge of the grid (out-of-bounds).
-        if x < 0:
-            return True
-        elif x > self.grid.shape[0] - 1:
+        # Edge of grid (out-of-bounds)
+        if not (0 <= x < self.grid.shape[0] and 0 <= y < self.grid.shape[1]):
             return True
 
-        if y < 0:
-            return True
-        elif y > self.grid.shape[1] - 1:
-            return True
+        cell = self.grid[x, y]
+        dx, dy = direction
+        if cell is None:
+            return self.is_border((x + dx, y + dy), direction)
 
-        if self.grid[x, y] == 0 or self.grid_axis_type[x, y] != self.axis_type:
-            return True
+        if hasattr(cell, "_panel_hidden") and cell._panel_hidden:
+            return self.is_border((x + dx, y + dy), direction)
 
-        # Check if we reached a plot or an internal edge
-        if self.grid[x, y] != self.target and self.grid[x, y] > 0:
-            return self._check_ranges(direction, other=self.grid[x, y])
+        if self.grid_axis_type[x, y] != self.axis_type:
+            # Allow traversing across the parent<->panel interface even when types differ
+            # e.g., GeoAxes main with cartesian panel or vice versa
+            if getattr(self.ax, "_panel_parent", None) is cell:
+                return self.is_border((x + dx, y + dy), direction)
+            if getattr(cell, "_panel_parent", None) is self.ax:
+                return self.is_border((x + dx, y + dy), direction)
 
-        dx, dy = direction
-        pos = (x + dx, y + dy)
-        return self.is_border(pos, direction)
+        # Internal edge or plot reached
+        if cell != self.ax:
+            return self._check_ranges(direction, other=cell)
+
+        return self.is_border((x + dx, y + dy), direction)
 
     def _check_ranges(
         self,
@@ -1065,14 +1076,15 @@ def _check_ranges(
         can share x.
         """
         this_spec = self.ax.get_subplotspec()
-        other_spec = self.ax.figure._subplot_dict[other].get_subplotspec()
+        other_spec = other.get_subplotspec()
 
         # Get the row and column spans of both axes
-        this_span = this_spec._get_grid_span()
+        this_span = this_spec._get_rows_columns()
         this_rowspan = this_span[:2]
         this_colspan = this_span[-2:]
 
         other_span = other_spec._get_grid_span()
+        other_span = other_spec._get_rows_columns()
         other_rowspan = other_span[:2]
         other_colspan = other_span[-2:]
 
@@ -1089,7 +1101,28 @@ def _check_ranges(
             other_start, other_stop = other_rowspan
 
         if this_start == other_start and this_stop == other_stop:
-            return False  # not a border
+            # We may hit an internal border if we are at
+            # the interface with a panel that is not sharing
+            dmap = {
+                (-1, 0): "bottom",
+                (1, 0): "top",
+                (0, -1): "left",
+                (0, 1): "right",
+            }
+            side = dmap[direction]
+            if self.ax.number is None:  # panel
+                panel_side = getattr(self.ax, "_panel_side", None)
+                # Non-sharing panels: border only on their outward side
+                if not getattr(self.ax, "_panel_share", False):
+                    return side == panel_side
+                # Sharing panels: border only if this is the outward side and this
+                # panel is the outer-most panel for that side relative to its parent.
+                parent = self.ax._panel_parent
+                panels = parent._panel_dict.get(panel_side, [])
+                if side == panel_side and panels and panels[-1] is self.ax:
+                    return True
+                return False
+            return False
         return True