diff --git a/airflow-core/src/airflow/models/taskinstance.py b/airflow-core/src/airflow/models/taskinstance.py
index 53ca7c6589e16..6bdeba70f25f0 100644
--- a/airflow-core/src/airflow/models/taskinstance.py
+++ b/airflow-core/src/airflow/models/taskinstance.py
@@ -1070,12 +1070,18 @@ def next_retry_datetime(self):
 
         delay = self.task.retry_delay
         if self.task.retry_exponential_backoff:
-            # If the min_backoff calculation is below 1, it will be converted to 0 via int. Thus,
-            # we must round up prior to converting to an int, otherwise a divide by zero error
-            # will occur in the modded_hash calculation.
-            # this probably gives unexpected results if a task instance has previously been cleared,
-            # because try_number can increase without bound
-            min_backoff = math.ceil(delay.total_seconds() * (2 ** (self.try_number - 1)))
+            try:
+                # If the min_backoff calculation is below 1, it will be converted to 0 via int. Thus,
+                # we must round up prior to converting to an int, otherwise a divide by zero error
+                # will occur in the modded_hash calculation.
+                # this probably gives unexpected results if a task instance has previously been cleared,
+                # because try_number can increase without bound
+                min_backoff = math.ceil(delay.total_seconds() * (2 ** (self.try_number - 1)))
+            except OverflowError:
+                min_backoff = MAX_RETRY_DELAY
+                self.log.warning(
+                    "OverflowError occurred while calculating min_backoff, using MAX_RETRY_DELAY for min_backoff."
+                )
 
             # In the case when delay.total_seconds() is 0, min_backoff will not be rounded up to 1.
             # To address this, we impose a lower bound of 1 on min_backoff. This effectively makes
diff --git a/airflow-core/tests/unit/models/test_taskinstance.py b/airflow-core/tests/unit/models/test_taskinstance.py
index 2a9e86771c2f7..c4ab350c07ef3 100644
--- a/airflow-core/tests/unit/models/test_taskinstance.py
+++ b/airflow-core/tests/unit/models/test_taskinstance.py
@@ -627,6 +627,31 @@ def test_next_retry_datetime(self, dag_maker):
         date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
         assert date == ti.end_date + max_delay
 
+    def test_next_retry_datetime_returns_max_for_overflow(self, dag_maker):
+        delay = datetime.timedelta(seconds=30)
+        max_delay = datetime.timedelta(minutes=60)
+
+        with dag_maker(dag_id="fail_dag"):
+            task = BashOperator(
+                task_id="task_with_exp_backoff_and_max_delay",
+                bash_command="exit 1",
+                retries=3,
+                retry_delay=delay,
+                retry_exponential_backoff=True,
+                max_retry_delay=max_delay,
+            )
+        ti = dag_maker.create_dagrun().task_instances[0]
+        ti.task = task
+        ti.end_date = pendulum.instance(timezone.utcnow())
+
+        ti.try_number = 5000
+        date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
+        assert date == ti.end_date + max_delay
+
+        ti.try_number = 50000
+        date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
+        assert date == ti.end_date + max_delay
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("seconds", [0, 0.5, 1])
     def test_next_retry_datetime_short_or_zero_intervals(self, dag_maker, seconds):
         delay = datetime.timedelta(seconds=seconds)