diff --git a/ci/dash/lint-tidy.sh b/ci/dash/lint-tidy.sh
index 0ed43ce633b4..159591d81ed2 100755
--- a/ci/dash/lint-tidy.sh
+++ b/ci/dash/lint-tidy.sh
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ iwyu_tool.py \
   "src/compat" \
   "src/dbwrapper.cpp" \
   "src/init" \
-  "src/kernel/mempool_persist.cpp" \
+  "src/kernel" \
   "src/node/chainstate.cpp" \
   "src/node/minisketchwrapper.cpp" \
   "src/policy/feerate.cpp" \
diff --git a/doc/design/assumeutxo.md b/doc/design/assumeutxo.md
index 667b3deda0b5..74aff7d392f8 100644
--- a/doc/design/assumeutxo.md
+++ b/doc/design/assumeutxo.md
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ be of use.
 
 Chainstate within the system goes through a number of phases when UTXO snapshots are
 used, as managed by `ChainstateManager`. At various points there can be multiple
-`CChainState` objects in existence to facilitate both maintaining the network tip and
+`Chainstate` objects in existence to facilitate both maintaining the network tip and
 performing historical validation of the assumed-valid chain.
 
 It is worth noting that though there are multiple separate chainstates, those
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ data.
 
 ### "Normal" operation via initial block download
 
-`ChainstateManager` manages a single CChainState object, for which
+`ChainstateManager` manages a single Chainstate object, for which
 `m_snapshot_blockhash` is null. This chainstate is (maybe obviously)
 considered active. This is the "traditional" mode of operation for dashd.
 
@@ -76,8 +76,9 @@ original chainstate remains in use as active.
 
 Once the snapshot chainstate is loaded and validated, it is promoted to active
 chainstate and a sync to tip begins. A new chainstate directory is created in the
-datadir for the snapshot chainstate called
-`chainstate_[SHA256 blockhash of snapshot base block]`.
+datadir for the snapshot chainstate called `chainstate_snapshot`. When this directory
+is present in the datadir, the snapshot chainstate will be detected and loaded as
+active on node startup (via `DetectSnapshotChainstate()`).
 
 |    |    |
 | ---------- | ----------- |
diff --git a/doc/developer-notes.md b/doc/developer-notes.md
index c343f3a7e007..61025728bef1 100644
--- a/doc/developer-notes.md
+++ b/doc/developer-notes.md
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ void CTxMemPool::UpdateTransactionsFromBlock(...)
 
 ```C++
 // validation.h
-class CChainState
+class Chainstate
 {
 protected:
     ...
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ public:
 }
 
 // validation.cpp
-bool CChainState::PreciousBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex)
+bool Chainstate::PreciousBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex)
 {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
     AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index b517564e1ab5..d0fba95a19b1 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -612,6 +612,7 @@ libbitcoin_node_a_SOURCES = \
   node/sync_manager.cpp \
   node/transaction.cpp \
   node/txreconciliation.cpp \
+  node/utxo_snapshot.cpp \
   noui.cpp \
   policy/fees.cpp \
   policy/fees_args.cpp \
@@ -1316,6 +1317,7 @@ libdashkernel_la_SOURCES = \
   node/chainstate.cpp \
   node/interface_ui.cpp \
   node/transaction.cpp \
+  node/utxo_snapshot.cpp \
   policy/feerate.cpp \
   policy/fees.cpp \
   policy/packages.cpp \
diff --git a/src/bench/load_external.cpp b/src/bench/load_external.cpp
index 150654a095ca..ec97be45ff1e 100644
--- a/src/bench/load_external.cpp
+++ b/src/bench/load_external.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ static void LoadExternalBlockFile(benchmark::Bench& bench)
         fclose(file);
     }
 
-    CChainState& chainstate{testing_setup->m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate()};
+    Chainstate& chainstate{testing_setup->m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate()};
     std::multimap<uint256, FlatFilePos> blocks_with_unknown_parent;
     FlatFilePos pos;
     bench.run([&] {
diff --git a/src/bitcoin-chainstate.cpp b/src/bitcoin-chainstate.cpp
index 0c6ddf58d831..07373cc00cbd 100644
--- a/src/bitcoin-chainstate.cpp
+++ b/src/bitcoin-chainstate.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <masternode/meta.h>
 #include <masternode/sync.h>
 #include <node/blockstorage.h>
+#include <node/caches.h>
 #include <node/chainstate.h>
 #include <scheduler.h>
 #include <script/sigcache.h>
@@ -101,8 +102,16 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
     std::unique_ptr<LLMQContext> llmq_ctx;
     std::unique_ptr<CChainstateHelper> chain_helper;
-    auto rv = node::LoadChainstate(/*fReset=*/false,
-                                   std::ref(chainman),
+    node::CacheSizes cache_sizes;
+    cache_sizes.block_tree_db = 2 << 20;
+    cache_sizes.coins_db = 2 << 22;
+    cache_sizes.coins = (450 << 20) - (2 << 20) - (2 << 22);
+    node::ChainstateLoadOptions options;
+    options.bls_threads = 1;
+    options.worker_count = 1;
+    options.max_recsigs_age = 1;
+    options.check_interrupt = [] { return false; };
+    auto [status, error] = node::LoadChainstate(chainman,
                                    metaman,
                                    sporkman,
                                    chainlocks,
@@ -111,38 +120,21 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
                                    dmnman,
                                    evodb,
                                    llmq_ctx,
-                                   /*mempool=*/nullptr,
                                    gArgs.GetDataDirNet(),
-                                   /*fPruneMode=*/false,
-                                   /*fReindexChainState=*/false,
-                                   2 << 20,
-                                   2 << 22,
-                                   (450 << 20) - (2 << 20) - (2 << 22),
-                                   /*block_tree_db_in_memory=*/false,
-                                   /*coins_db_in_memory=*/false,
-                                   /*dash_dbs_in_memory=*/false,
-                                   /*bls_threads=*/1,
-                                   /*worker_count=*/1,
-                                   /*max_recsigs_age=*/1,
-                                   /*shutdown_requested=*/[]() { return false; },
-                                   /*coins_error_cb=*/[]() {});
-    if (rv.has_value()) {
+                                   cache_sizes,
+                                   options);
+    if (status != node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS) {
         std::cerr << "Failed to load Chain state from your datadir." << std::endl;
         goto epilogue;
     } else {
-        auto maybe_verify_error = node::VerifyLoadedChainstate(std::ref(chainman),
-                                                               *evodb,
-                                                               false,
-                                                               false,
-                                                               DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS,
-                                                               DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL);
-        if (maybe_verify_error.has_value()) {
+        std::tie(status, error) = node::VerifyLoadedChainstate(std::ref(chainman), *evodb, options);
+        if (status != node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS) {
             std::cerr << "Failed to verify loaded Chain state from your datadir." << std::endl;
             goto epilogue;
         }
     }
 
-    for (CChainState* chainstate : WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return chainman.GetAll())) {
+    for (Chainstate* chainstate : WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return chainman.GetAll())) {
         BlockValidationState state;
         if (!chainstate->ActivateBestChain(state, nullptr)) {
             std::cerr << "Failed to connect best block (" << state.ToString() << ")" << std::endl;
@@ -283,7 +275,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     GetMainSignals().FlushBackgroundCallbacks();
     {
         LOCK(cs_main);
-        for (CChainState* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
+        for (Chainstate* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
             if (chainstate->CanFlushToDisk()) {
                 chainstate->ForceFlushStateToDisk();
                 chainstate->ResetCoinsViews();
diff --git a/src/chainlock/signing.cpp b/src/chainlock/signing.cpp
index ff31dc01637f..0eb5b58660c8 100644
--- a/src/chainlock/signing.cpp
+++ b/src/chainlock/signing.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 using node::ReadBlockFromDisk;
 
 namespace chainlock {
-ChainLockSigner::ChainLockSigner(CChainState& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
+ChainLockSigner::ChainLockSigner(Chainstate& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
                                  ChainlockHandler& clhandler, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman,
                                  const llmq::CQuorumManager& qman, llmq::CSigningManager& sigman,
                                  llmq::CSigSharesManager& shareman, const CMasternodeSync& mn_sync) :
diff --git a/src/chainlock/signing.h b/src/chainlock/signing.h
index e23a8b32305f..753d534f1237 100644
--- a/src/chainlock/signing.h
+++ b/src/chainlock/signing.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ChainlockHandler;
 class ChainLockSigner final : public llmq::CRecoveredSigsListener, public CValidationInterface
 {
 private:
-    CChainState& m_chainstate;
+    Chainstate& m_chainstate;
     const chainlock::Chainlocks& m_chainlocks;
     ChainlockHandler& m_clhandler;
     const llmq::CInstantSendManager& m_isman;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ChainLockSigner final : public llmq::CRecoveredSigsListener, public CValid
     ChainLockSigner() = delete;
     ChainLockSigner(const ChainLockSigner&) = delete;
     ChainLockSigner& operator=(const ChainLockSigner&) = delete;
-    explicit ChainLockSigner(CChainState& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
+    explicit ChainLockSigner(Chainstate& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
                              ChainlockHandler& clhandler, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman,
                              const llmq::CQuorumManager& qman, llmq::CSigningManager& sigman,
                              llmq::CSigSharesManager& shareman, const CMasternodeSync& mn_sync);
diff --git a/src/coinjoin/client.cpp b/src/coinjoin/client.cpp
index a77f2fb11983..df14f62e717f 100644
--- a/src/coinjoin/client.cpp
+++ b/src/coinjoin/client.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ CCoinJoinClientManager::CCoinJoinClientManager(const std::shared_ptr<wallet::CWa
 
 CCoinJoinClientManager::~CCoinJoinClientManager() = default;
 
-void CCoinJoinClientManager::ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, CChainState& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv)
+void CCoinJoinClientManager::ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, Chainstate& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv)
 {
     if (!CCoinJoinClientOptions::IsEnabled()) return;
     if (!m_mn_sync.IsBlockchainSynced()) return;
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ CCoinJoinClientSession::CCoinJoinClientSession(const std::shared_ptr<CWallet>& w
     m_isman{isman}
 {}
 
-void CCoinJoinClientSession::ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, CChainState& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv)
+void CCoinJoinClientSession::ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, Chainstate& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv)
 {
     if (!CCoinJoinClientOptions::IsEnabled()) return;
     if (!m_mn_sync.IsBlockchainSynced()) return;
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ void CCoinJoinClientSession::ProcessPoolStateUpdate(CCoinJoinStatusUpdate psssup
 // check it to make sure it's what we want, then sign it if we agree.
 // If we refuse to sign, it's possible we'll be charged collateral
 //
-bool CCoinJoinClientSession::SignFinalTransaction(CNode& peer, CChainState& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, const CTransaction& finalTransactionNew)
+bool CCoinJoinClientSession::SignFinalTransaction(CNode& peer, Chainstate& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, const CTransaction& finalTransactionNew)
 {
     if (!CCoinJoinClientOptions::IsEnabled()) return false;
 
diff --git a/src/coinjoin/client.h b/src/coinjoin/client.h
index 10551eb4bad3..9e4c514f23b8 100644
--- a/src/coinjoin/client.h
+++ b/src/coinjoin/client.h
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class CCoinJoinClientSession : public CCoinJoinBaseSession
     void CompletedTransaction(PoolMessage nMessageID);
 
     /// As a client, check and sign the final transaction
-    bool SignFinalTransaction(CNode& peer, CChainState& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, const CTransaction& finalTransactionNew) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(!cs_coinjoin);
+    bool SignFinalTransaction(CNode& peer, Chainstate& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, const CTransaction& finalTransactionNew) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(!cs_coinjoin);
 
     void RelayIn(const CCoinJoinEntry& entry, CConnman& connman) const;
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class CCoinJoinClientSession : public CCoinJoinBaseSession
                                     CDeterministicMNManager& dmnman, CMasternodeMetaMan& mn_metaman,
                                     const CMasternodeSync& mn_sync, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman);
 
-    void ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, CChainState& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv);
+    void ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, Chainstate& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv);
 
     void UnlockCoins();
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class CCoinJoinClientManager : public interfaces::CoinJoin::Client
                                     const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman, CoinJoinQueueManager* queueman);
     ~CCoinJoinClientManager();
 
-    void ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, CChainState& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(!cs_deqsessions);
+    void ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, Chainstate& active_chainstate, CConnman& connman, const CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(!cs_deqsessions);
 
     bool GetMixingMasternodesInfo(std::vector<CDeterministicMNCPtr>& vecDmnsRet) const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(!cs_deqsessions);
 
diff --git a/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.cpp b/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.cpp
index 010a81c877b7..947dc2ea40c7 100644
--- a/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.cpp
+++ b/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.cpp
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ std::string CCoinJoinBaseSession::GetStateString() const
     }
 }
 
-bool CCoinJoinBaseSession::IsValidInOuts(CChainState& active_chainstate, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman,
+bool CCoinJoinBaseSession::IsValidInOuts(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman,
                                          const CTxMemPool& mempool, const std::vector<CTxIn>& vin,
                                          const std::vector<CTxOut>& vout, PoolMessage& nMessageIDRet,
                                          bool* fConsumeCollateralRet) const
diff --git a/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.h b/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.h
index ea073f14f79e..e39387c2edb8 100644
--- a/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.h
+++ b/src/coinjoin/coinjoin.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 #include <univalue.h>
 
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class CBLSPublicKey;
 class CBlockIndex;
 class ChainstateManager;
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class CCoinJoinBaseSession
 
     virtual void SetNull() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_coinjoin);
 
-    bool IsValidInOuts(CChainState& active_chainstate, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman,
+    bool IsValidInOuts(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman,
                        const CTxMemPool& mempool, const std::vector<CTxIn>& vin, const std::vector<CTxOut>& vout,
                        PoolMessage& nMessageIDRet, bool* fConsumeCollateralRet) const;
 
diff --git a/src/coinjoin/walletman.cpp b/src/coinjoin/walletman.cpp
index 3a89357f3ef2..2ae939688a5f 100644
--- a/src/coinjoin/walletman.cpp
+++ b/src/coinjoin/walletman.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class CJWalletManagerImpl final : public CJWalletManager
 public:
     bool hasQueue(const uint256& hash) const override;
     bool doForClient(const std::string& name, const std::function<void(CCoinJoinClientManager&)>& func) override EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(!cs_wallet_manager_map);
-    MessageProcessingResult processMessage(CNode& peer, CChainState& chainstate, CConnman& connman, CTxMemPool& mempool,
+    MessageProcessingResult processMessage(CNode& peer, Chainstate& chainstate, CConnman& connman, CTxMemPool& mempool,
                                            std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv) override EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(!cs_ProcessDSQueue, !cs_wallet_manager_map);
     std::optional<CCoinJoinQueue> getQueueFromHash(const uint256& hash) const override;
     std::optional<int> getQueueSize() const override;
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ void CJWalletManagerImpl::DoMaintenance(CConnman& connman)
     }
 }
 
-MessageProcessingResult CJWalletManagerImpl::processMessage(CNode& pfrom, CChainState& chainstate, CConnman& connman,
+MessageProcessingResult CJWalletManagerImpl::processMessage(CNode& pfrom, Chainstate& chainstate, CConnman& connman,
                                                             CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type,
                                                             CDataStream& vRecv)
 {
diff --git a/src/coinjoin/walletman.h b/src/coinjoin/walletman.h
index 5979cdc048f9..0781289304ee 100644
--- a/src/coinjoin/walletman.h
+++ b/src/coinjoin/walletman.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include <string_view>
 
 class CBlockIndex;
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class CCoinJoinClientManager;
 class CCoinJoinQueue;
 class CConnman;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class CJWalletManager : public CValidationInterface
     //! Execute func under the wallet manager lock for the client identified by name.
     //! Returns true if the client was found and func was called, false otherwise.
     virtual bool doForClient(const std::string& name, const std::function<void(CCoinJoinClientManager&)>& func) = 0;
-    virtual MessageProcessingResult processMessage(CNode& peer, CChainState& chainstate, CConnman& connman,
+    virtual MessageProcessingResult processMessage(CNode& peer, Chainstate& chainstate, CConnman& connman,
                                                    CTxMemPool& mempool, std::string_view msg_type, CDataStream& vRecv) = 0;
     virtual std::optional<CCoinJoinQueue> getQueueFromHash(const uint256& hash) const = 0;
     virtual std::optional<int> getQueueSize() const = 0;
diff --git a/src/dbwrapper.cpp b/src/dbwrapper.cpp
index c4d9cf615faa..4f264e56dfda 100644
--- a/src/dbwrapper.cpp
+++ b/src/dbwrapper.cpp
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static leveldb::Options GetOptions(size_t nCacheSize)
 }
 
 CDBWrapper::CDBWrapper(const fs::path& path, size_t nCacheSize, bool fMemory, bool fWipe, bool obfuscate)
-    : m_name{fs::PathToString(path.stem())}
+    : m_name{fs::PathToString(path.stem())}, m_path{path}, m_is_memory{fMemory}
 {
     penv = nullptr;
     readoptions.verify_checksums = true;
diff --git a/src/dbwrapper.h b/src/dbwrapper.h
index 519495fefdc5..817c8172defd 100644
--- a/src/dbwrapper.h
+++ b/src/dbwrapper.h
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ class dbwrapper_error : public std::runtime_error
 
 class CDBWrapper;
 
+namespace dbwrapper {
+    using leveldb::DestroyDB;
+}
+
 /** These should be considered an implementation detail of the specific database.
  */
 namespace dbwrapper_private {
@@ -250,6 +254,12 @@ class CDBWrapper
 
     std::vector<unsigned char> CreateObfuscateKey() const;
 
+    //! path to filesystem storage
+    const fs::path m_path;
+
+    //! whether or not the database resides in memory
+    bool m_is_memory;
+
 public:
     /**
      * @param[in] path        Location in the filesystem where leveldb data will be stored.
@@ -325,6 +335,14 @@ class CDBWrapper
         return WriteBatch(batch, fSync);
     }
 
+    //! @returns filesystem path to the on-disk data.
+    std::optional<fs::path> StoragePath() {
+        if (m_is_memory) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        return m_path;
+    }
+
     template <typename K>
     bool Exists(const K& key) const
     {
diff --git a/src/index/base.cpp b/src/index/base.cpp
index d9499e2c349b..1016d00088ad 100644
--- a/src/index/base.cpp
+++ b/src/index/base.cpp
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ void BaseIndex::Interrupt()
     m_interrupt();
 }
 
-bool BaseIndex::Start(CChainState& active_chainstate)
+bool BaseIndex::Start(Chainstate& active_chainstate)
 {
     m_chainstate = &active_chainstate;
     // Need to register this ValidationInterface before running Init(), so that
diff --git a/src/index/base.h b/src/index/base.h
index b4c1099b4fcc..7a7752a92a77 100644
--- a/src/index/base.h
+++ b/src/index/base.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 class CBlock;
 class CBlockIndex;
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 
 struct IndexSummary {
     std::string name;
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class BaseIndex : public CValidationInterface
     virtual bool AllowPrune() const = 0;
 
 protected:
-    CChainState* m_chainstate{nullptr};
+    Chainstate* m_chainstate{nullptr};
 
     void BlockConnected(const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& block, const CBlockIndex* pindex) override;
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class BaseIndex : public CValidationInterface
 
     /// Start initializes the sync state and registers the instance as a
     /// ValidationInterface so that it stays in sync with blockchain updates.
-    [[nodiscard]] bool Start(CChainState& active_chainstate);
+    [[nodiscard]] bool Start(Chainstate& active_chainstate);
 
     /// Stops the instance from staying in sync with blockchain updates.
     void Stop();
diff --git a/src/init.cpp b/src/init.cpp
index c42cbf795643..372347d54d2f 100644
--- a/src/init.cpp
+++ b/src/init.cpp
@@ -157,8 +157,6 @@ using kernel::DumpMempool;
 
 using node::CacheSizes;
 using node::CalculateCacheSizes;
-using node::ChainstateLoadingError;
-using node::ChainstateLoadVerifyError;
 using node::DashChainstateSetupClose;
 using node::DEFAULT_PERSIST_MEMPOOL;
 using node::DEFAULT_PRINTPRIORITY;
@@ -355,7 +353,7 @@ void PrepareShutdown(NodeContext& node)
     // FlushStateToDisk generates a ChainStateFlushed callback, which we should avoid missing
     if (node.chainman) {
         LOCK(cs_main);
-        for (CChainState* chainstate : node.chainman->GetAll()) {
+        for (Chainstate* chainstate : node.chainman->GetAll()) {
             if (chainstate->CanFlushToDisk()) {
                 chainstate->ForceFlushStateToDisk();
             }
@@ -425,7 +423,7 @@ void PrepareShutdown(NodeContext& node)
 
     if (node.chainman) {
         LOCK(cs_main);
-        for (CChainState* chainstate : node.chainman->GetAll()) {
+        for (Chainstate* chainstate : node.chainman->GetAll()) {
             if (chainstate->CanFlushToDisk()) {
                 chainstate->ForceFlushStateToDisk();
                 chainstate->ResetCoinsViews();
@@ -1474,21 +1472,8 @@ static bool LockDataDirectory(bool probeOnly)
 bool AppInitSanityChecks(const kernel::Context& kernel)
 {
     // ********************************************************* Step 4: sanity checks
-    auto maybe_error = kernel::SanityChecks(kernel);
-
-    if (maybe_error.has_value()) {
-        switch (maybe_error.value()) {
-        case kernel::SanityCheckError::ERROR_ECC:
-            InitError(Untranslated("Elliptic curve cryptography sanity check failure. Aborting."));
-            break;
-        case kernel::SanityCheckError::ERROR_BLS:
-            InitError(Untranslated("BLS cryptographic sanity check failure. Aborting."));
-            break;
-        case kernel::SanityCheckError::ERROR_RANDOM:
-            InitError(Untranslated("OS cryptographic RNG sanity check failure. Aborting."));
-            break;
-        } // no default case, so the compiler can warn about missing cases
-
+    if (auto error = kernel::SanityChecks(kernel)) {
+        InitError(*error);
         return InitError(strprintf(_("Initialization sanity check failed. %s is shutting down."), PACKAGE_NAME));
     }
 
@@ -2036,147 +2021,84 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
          */
         node.mn_sync = std::make_unique<CMasternodeSync>(std::make_unique<NodeSyncNotifierImpl>(*node.connman, *node.netfulfilledman));
 
-        const bool fReset = fReindex;
         bilingual_str strLoadError;
 
+        node::ChainstateLoadOptions options;
+        options.mempool = Assert(node.mempool.get());
+        options.reindex = node::fReindex;
+        options.reindex_chainstate = fReindexChainState;
+        options.prune = node::fPruneMode;
+        options.bls_threads = [&args]() -> int8_t {
+            int64_t threads = args.GetIntArg("-parbls", llmq::DEFAULT_BLSCHECK_THREADS);
+            if (threads <= 0) {
+                // -parbls=0 means autodetect (number of cores - 1 validator threads)
+                // -parbls=-n means "leave n cores free" (number of cores - n - 1 validator threads)
+                threads += GetNumCores();
+            }
+            // Subtract 1 because the main thread counts towards the par threads
+            const int64_t adjusted_threads = std::clamp<int64_t>(threads, 1, int64_t{llmq::MAX_BLSCHECK_THREADS} + 1) - 1;
+            return static_cast<int8_t>(adjusted_threads);
+        }();
+        options.worker_count = llmq::DEFAULT_WORKER_COUNT;
+        options.max_recsigs_age = args.GetIntArg("-maxrecsigsage", llmq::DEFAULT_MAX_RECOVERED_SIGS_AGE);
+        options.check_blocks = args.GetIntArg("-checkblocks", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS);
+        options.check_level = args.GetIntArg("-checklevel", DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL);
+        options.check_interrupt = ShutdownRequested;
+        options.coins_error_cb = [] {
+            uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(
+                _("Error reading from database, shutting down."),
+                "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
+        };
+        options.notify_bls_state = [](bool bls_state) {
+            LogPrintf("%s: bls_legacy_scheme=%d\n", __func__, bls_state);
+        };
+
         uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Loading block index…").translated);
         const auto load_block_index_start_time{SteadyClock::now()};
-        std::optional<ChainstateLoadingError> maybe_load_error;
-        try {
-            maybe_load_error = LoadChainstate(fReset,
-                                              chainman,
-                                              *node.mn_metaman,
-                                              *node.sporkman,
-                                              *node.chainlocks,
-                                              *node.mn_sync,
-                                              node.chain_helper,
-                                              node.dmnman,
-                                              node.evodb,
-                                              node.llmq_ctx,
-                                              Assert(node.mempool.get()),
-                                              args.GetDataDirNet(),
-                                              fPruneMode,
-                                              fReindexChainState,
-                                              cache_sizes.block_tree_db,
-                                              cache_sizes.coins_db,
-                                              cache_sizes.coins,
-                                              /*block_tree_db_in_memory=*/false,
-                                              /*coins_db_in_memory=*/false,
-                                              /*dash_dbs_in_memory=*/false,
-                                              /*bls_threads=*/[&args]() -> int8_t {
-                                                  int64_t threads = args.GetIntArg("-parbls", llmq::DEFAULT_BLSCHECK_THREADS);
-                                                  if (threads <= 0) {
-                                                      // -parbls=0 means autodetect (number of cores - 1 validator threads)
-                                                      // -parbls=-n means "leave n cores free" (number of cores - n - 1 validator threads)
-                                                      threads += GetNumCores();
-                                                  }
-                                                  // Subtract 1 because the main thread counts towards the par threads
-                                                  const int64_t adjusted_threads = std::clamp<int64_t>(
-                                                      threads, 1, int64_t{llmq::MAX_BLSCHECK_THREADS} + 1) - 1;
-                                                  return static_cast<int8_t>(adjusted_threads);
-                                              }(),
-                                              llmq::DEFAULT_WORKER_COUNT,
-                                              args.GetIntArg("-maxrecsigsage", llmq::DEFAULT_MAX_RECOVERED_SIGS_AGE),
-                                              /*shutdown_requested=*/ShutdownRequested,
-                                              /*coins_error_cb=*/[]() {
-                                                  uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(
-                                                      _("Error reading from database, shutting down."),
-                                                      "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
-                                              });
-        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
-            LogPrintf("%s\n", e.what());
-            maybe_load_error = ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_GENERIC_BLOCKDB_OPEN_FAILED;
-        }
-        if (maybe_load_error.has_value()) {
-            switch (maybe_load_error.value()) {
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_LOADING_BLOCK_DB:
-                strLoadError = _("Error loading block database");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_BAD_GENESIS_BLOCK:
-                // If the loaded chain has a wrong genesis, bail out immediately
-                // (we're likely using a testnet datadir, or the other way around).
-                return InitError(_("Incorrect or no genesis block found. Wrong datadir for network?"));
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_BAD_DEVNET_GENESIS_BLOCK:
-                return InitError(_("Incorrect or no devnet genesis block found. Wrong datadir for devnet specified?"));
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_PRUNED_NEEDS_REINDEX:
-                strLoadError = _("You need to rebuild the database using -reindex to go back to unpruned mode.  This will redownload the entire blockchain");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_LOAD_GENESIS_BLOCK_FAILED:
-                strLoadError = _("Error initializing block database");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_CHAINSTATE_UPGRADE_FAILED:
-                return InitError(_("Unsupported chainstate database format found. "
-                                   "Please restart with -reindex-chainstate. This will "
-                                   "rebuild the chainstate database."));
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_REPLAYBLOCKS_FAILED:
-                strLoadError = _("Unable to replay blocks. You will need to rebuild the database using -reindex-chainstate.");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_LOADCHAINTIP_FAILED:
-                strLoadError = _("Error initializing block database");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_GENERIC_BLOCKDB_OPEN_FAILED:
-                strLoadError = _("Error opening block database");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_COMMITING_EVO_DB:
-                strLoadError = _("Failed to commit Evo database");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_UPGRADING_EVO_DB:
-                strLoadError = _("Failed to upgrade Evo database");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_UPGRADING_SIGNALS_DB:
-                strLoadError = _("Error upgrading evo database for EHF");
-                break;
-            case ChainstateLoadingError::SHUTDOWN_PROBED:
-                break;
-            }
-        } else {
-            std::optional<ChainstateLoadVerifyError> maybe_verify_error;
+        auto catch_exceptions = [](auto&& fn) -> node::ChainstateLoadResult {
             try {
-                uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Verifying blocks…").translated);
-                auto check_blocks = args.GetIntArg("-checkblocks", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS);
-                if (chainman.m_blockman.m_have_pruned && check_blocks > MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP) {
-                    LogWarning("pruned datadir may not have more than %d blocks; only checking available blocks\n",
-                                      MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP);
-                }
-                maybe_verify_error = VerifyLoadedChainstate(chainman,
-                                                            *Assert(node.evodb.get()),
-                                                            fReset,
-                                                            fReindexChainState,
-                                                            check_blocks,
-                                                            args.GetIntArg("-checklevel", DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL),
-                                                            [](bool bls_state) {
-                                                                LogPrintf("%s: bls_legacy_scheme=%d\n", __func__, bls_state);
-                                                            });
+                return fn();
             } catch (const std::exception& e) {
                 LogPrintf("%s\n", e.what());
-                maybe_verify_error = ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_GENERIC_FAILURE;
+                return {node::ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error opening block database")};
             }
-            if (maybe_verify_error.has_value()) {
-                switch (maybe_verify_error.value()) {
-                case ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_BLOCK_FROM_FUTURE:
-                    strLoadError = _("The block database contains a block which appears to be from the future. "
-                                     "This may be due to your computer's date and time being set incorrectly. "
-                                     "Only rebuild the block database if you are sure that your computer's date and time are correct");
-                    break;
-                case ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_CORRUPTED_BLOCK_DB:
-                    strLoadError = _("Corrupted block database detected");
-                    break;
-                case ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_EVO_DB_SANITY_FAILED:
-                    strLoadError = _("Error initializing block database");
-                    break;
-                case ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_GENERIC_FAILURE:
-                    strLoadError = _("Error opening block database");
-                    break;
-                }
-            } else {
-                fLoaded = true;
-                LogPrintf(" block index %15dms\n", Ticks<std::chrono::milliseconds>(SteadyClock::now() - load_block_index_start_time));
+        };
+        auto [status, error] = catch_exceptions([&] {
+            return LoadChainstate(chainman,
+                                  *node.mn_metaman,
+                                  *node.sporkman,
+                                  *node.chainlocks,
+                                  *node.mn_sync,
+                                  node.chain_helper,
+                                  node.dmnman,
+                                  node.evodb,
+                                  node.llmq_ctx,
+                                  args.GetDataDirNet(),
+                                  cache_sizes,
+                                  options);
+        });
+        if (status == node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS) {
+            uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Verifying blocks…").translated);
+            if (chainman.m_blockman.m_have_pruned && options.check_blocks > MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP) {
+                LogWarning("pruned datadir may not have more than %d blocks; only checking available blocks\n",
+                           MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP);
             }
+            std::tie(status, error) = catch_exceptions([&] {
+                return VerifyLoadedChainstate(chainman, *Assert(node.evodb), options);
+            });
+        }
+        if (status == node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS) {
+            fLoaded = true;
+            LogPrintf(" block index %15dms\n", Ticks<std::chrono::milliseconds>(SteadyClock::now() - load_block_index_start_time));
+        } else if (status == node::ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE_INCOMPATIBLE_DB) {
+            return InitError(error);
+        } else {
+            strLoadError = error;
         }
 
         if (!fLoaded && !ShutdownRequested()) {
             // first suggest a reindex
-            if (!fReset) {
+            if (!options.reindex) {
                 bool fRet = uiInterface.ThreadSafeQuestion(
                     strLoadError + Untranslated(".\n\n") + _("Do you want to rebuild the block database now?"),
                     strLoadError.original + ".\nPlease restart with -reindex or -reindex-chainstate to recover.",
@@ -2400,7 +2322,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
     if (fPruneMode) {
         if (!fReindex) {
             LOCK(cs_main);
-            for (CChainState* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
+            for (Chainstate* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
                 uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Pruning blockstore…").translated);
                 chainstate->PruneAndFlush();
             }
diff --git a/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.cpp b/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.cpp
index 97c383bc7221..2cb7d660fce1 100644
--- a/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.cpp
+++ b/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ constexpr int OLD_ACTIVE_SET_FAILURE_MISBEHAVIOR_SCORE{20};
 constexpr auto WORK_THREAD_SLEEP_INTERVAL{std::chrono::milliseconds{100}};
 } // namespace
 
-static std::optional<int> GetBlockHeight(llmq::CInstantSendManager& is_manager, const CChainState& chainstate,
+static std::optional<int> GetBlockHeight(llmq::CInstantSendManager& is_manager, const Chainstate& chainstate,
                                          const uint256& hash)
 {
     if (hash.IsNull()) {
diff --git a/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.h b/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.h
index d5b35e89eb2a..a6c29d7a6769 100644
--- a/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.h
+++ b/src/instantsend/net_instantsend.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 
 namespace Consensus {
 struct LLMQParams;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class NetInstantSend final : public NetHandler, public CValidationInterface
 public:
     NetInstantSend(PeerManagerInternal* peer_manager, llmq::CInstantSendManager& is_manager,
                    instantsend::InstantSendSigner* signer, llmq::CSigningManager& sigman, llmq::CQuorumManager& qman,
-                   const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks, CChainState& chainstate, CTxMemPool& mempool,
+                   const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks, Chainstate& chainstate, CTxMemPool& mempool,
                    const CMasternodeSync& mn_sync) :
         NetHandler(peer_manager),
         m_is_manager{is_manager},
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class NetInstantSend final : public NetHandler, public CValidationInterface
     llmq::CSigningManager& m_sigman;
     llmq::CQuorumManager& m_qman;
     const chainlock::Chainlocks& m_chainlocks;
-    CChainState& m_chainstate;
+    Chainstate& m_chainstate;
     CTxMemPool& m_mempool;
     const CMasternodeSync& m_mn_sync;
 
diff --git a/src/instantsend/signing.cpp b/src/instantsend/signing.cpp
index 7c46f8d389aa..267debe29bd3 100644
--- a/src/instantsend/signing.cpp
+++ b/src/instantsend/signing.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ using node::fReindex;
 using node::GetTransaction;
 
 namespace instantsend {
-InstantSendSigner::InstantSendSigner(CChainState& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
+InstantSendSigner::InstantSendSigner(Chainstate& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
                                      llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman, llmq::CSigningManager& sigman,
                                      llmq::CSigSharesManager& shareman, llmq::CQuorumManager& qman,
                                      CSporkManager& sporkman, CTxMemPool& mempool, const CMasternodeSync& mn_sync) :
diff --git a/src/instantsend/signing.h b/src/instantsend/signing.h
index 7202bd2daf80..fe06d2aa7c45 100644
--- a/src/instantsend/signing.h
+++ b/src/instantsend/signing.h
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace instantsend {
 class InstantSendSigner final : public llmq::CRecoveredSigsListener
 {
 private:
-    CChainState& m_chainstate;
+    Chainstate& m_chainstate;
     const chainlock::Chainlocks& m_chainlocks;
     llmq::CInstantSendManager& m_isman;
     llmq::CSigningManager& m_sigman;
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class InstantSendSigner final : public llmq::CRecoveredSigsListener
     InstantSendSigner() = delete;
     InstantSendSigner(const InstantSendSigner&) = delete;
     InstantSendSigner& operator=(const InstantSendSigner&) = delete;
-    explicit InstantSendSigner(CChainState& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
+    explicit InstantSendSigner(Chainstate& chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
                                llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman, llmq::CSigningManager& sigman,
                                llmq::CSigSharesManager& shareman, llmq::CQuorumManager& qman, CSporkManager& sporkman,
                                CTxMemPool& mempool, const CMasternodeSync& mn_sync);
diff --git a/src/kernel/checks.cpp b/src/kernel/checks.cpp
index 12f4424dffe6..39035ae7d9d0 100644
--- a/src/kernel/checks.cpp
+++ b/src/kernel/checks.cpp
@@ -7,21 +7,24 @@
 #include <bls/bls.h>
 #include <key.h>
 #include <random.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
+
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace kernel {
 
-std::optional<SanityCheckError> SanityChecks(const Context&)
+std::optional<bilingual_str> SanityChecks(const Context&)
 {
     if (!ECC_InitSanityCheck()) {
-        return SanityCheckError::ERROR_ECC;
+        return Untranslated("Elliptic curve cryptography sanity check failure. Aborting.");
     }
 
     if (!BLSInit()) {
-        return SanityCheckError::ERROR_BLS;
+        return Untranslated("BLS cryptographic sanity check failure. Aborting.");
     }
 
     if (!Random_SanityCheck()) {
-        return SanityCheckError::ERROR_RANDOM;
+        return Untranslated("OS cryptographic RNG sanity check failure. Aborting.");
     }
 
     return std::nullopt;
diff --git a/src/kernel/checks.h b/src/kernel/checks.h
index b604bec415cb..3eb14824fb6f 100644
--- a/src/kernel/checks.h
+++ b/src/kernel/checks.h
@@ -7,20 +7,16 @@
 
 #include <optional>
 
+struct bilingual_str;
+
 namespace kernel {
 
 struct Context;
 
-enum class SanityCheckError {
-    ERROR_ECC,
-    ERROR_BLS,
-    ERROR_RANDOM,
-};
-
 /**
  *  Ensure a usable environment with all necessary library support.
  */
-std::optional<SanityCheckError> SanityChecks(const Context&);
+std::optional<bilingual_str> SanityChecks(const Context&);
 
 }
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/coinstats.cpp b/src/kernel/coinstats.cpp
index 5e8549efcb45..3da24b12186a 100644
--- a/src/kernel/coinstats.cpp
+++ b/src/kernel/coinstats.cpp
@@ -4,17 +4,32 @@
 
 #include <kernel/coinstats.h>
 
+#include <chain.h>
 #include <coins.h>
 #include <crypto/muhash.h>
 #include <hash.h>
+#include <node/blockstorage.h>
+#include <primitives/transaction.h>
+#include <script/script.h>
 #include <serialize.h>
+#include <span.h>
+#include <streams.h>
+#include <sync.h>
+#include <tinyformat.h>
 #include <uint256.h>
 #include <util/check.h>
 #include <util/overflow.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
 #include <validation.h>
+#include <version.h>
 
+#include <cassert>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
 
 namespace kernel {
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/coinstats.h b/src/kernel/coinstats.h
index c103966568f2..1750e8a78ba3 100644
--- a/src/kernel/coinstats.h
+++ b/src/kernel/coinstats.h
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 #ifndef BITCOIN_KERNEL_COINSTATS_H
 #define BITCOIN_KERNEL_COINSTATS_H
 
-#include <chain.h>
-#include <coins.h>
 #include <consensus/amount.h>
 #include <streams.h>
 #include <uint256.h>
@@ -16,6 +14,9 @@
 #include <optional>
 
 class CCoinsView;
+class Coin;
+class COutPoint;
+class CScript;
 namespace node {
 class BlockManager;
 } // namespace node
diff --git a/src/kernel/mempool_persist.cpp b/src/kernel/mempool_persist.cpp
index 07f494d8603a..8950b10cfa56 100644
--- a/src/kernel/mempool_persist.cpp
+++ b/src/kernel/mempool_persist.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace kernel {
 
 static const uint64_t MEMPOOL_DUMP_VERSION = 1;
 
-bool LoadMempool(CTxMemPool& pool, const fs::path& load_path, CChainState& active_chainstate, FopenFn mockable_fopen_function)
+bool LoadMempool(CTxMemPool& pool, const fs::path& load_path, Chainstate& active_chainstate, FopenFn mockable_fopen_function)
 {
     if (load_path.empty()) return false;
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/mempool_persist.h b/src/kernel/mempool_persist.h
index 9a15ec6dcafa..ca4917e38bf1 100644
--- a/src/kernel/mempool_persist.h
+++ b/src/kernel/mempool_persist.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <fs.h>
 
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class CTxMemPool;
 
 namespace kernel {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ bool DumpMempool(const CTxMemPool& pool, const fs::path& dump_path,
 
 /** Load the mempool from disk. */
 bool LoadMempool(CTxMemPool& pool, const fs::path& load_path,
-                 CChainState& active_chainstate,
+                 Chainstate& active_chainstate,
                  fsbridge::FopenFn mockable_fopen_function = fsbridge::fopen);
 
 } // namespace kernel
diff --git a/src/llmq/blockprocessor.cpp b/src/llmq/blockprocessor.cpp
index 6fbd31effbfb..a4793f0df3d8 100644
--- a/src/llmq/blockprocessor.cpp
+++ b/src/llmq/blockprocessor.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ static const std::string DB_MINED_COMMITMENT_BY_INVERSED_HEIGHT_Q_INDEXED = "q_m
 
 static const std::string DB_BEST_BLOCK_UPGRADE = "q_bbu2";
 
-CQuorumBlockProcessor::CQuorumBlockProcessor(CChainState& chainstate, CDeterministicMNManager& dmnman, CEvoDB& evoDb,
+CQuorumBlockProcessor::CQuorumBlockProcessor(Chainstate& chainstate, CDeterministicMNManager& dmnman, CEvoDB& evoDb,
                                              CQuorumSnapshotManager& qsnapman, int8_t bls_threads) :
     m_chainstate{chainstate},
     m_dmnman{dmnman},
diff --git a/src/llmq/blockprocessor.h b/src/llmq/blockprocessor.h
index 15ca83307117..4cf2598b3f44 100644
--- a/src/llmq/blockprocessor.h
+++ b/src/llmq/blockprocessor.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CBlock;
 class CBlockIndex;
 class CBLSSignature;
 class CChain;
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class CDataStream;
 class CDeterministicMNManager;
 class CEvoDB;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class CQuorumSnapshotManager;
 class CQuorumBlockProcessor
 {
 private:
-    CChainState& m_chainstate;
+    Chainstate& m_chainstate;
     CDeterministicMNManager& m_dmnman;
     CEvoDB& m_evoDb;
     CQuorumSnapshotManager& m_qsnapman;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class CQuorumBlockProcessor
     CQuorumBlockProcessor() = delete;
     CQuorumBlockProcessor(const CQuorumBlockProcessor&) = delete;
     CQuorumBlockProcessor& operator=(const CQuorumBlockProcessor&) = delete;
-    explicit CQuorumBlockProcessor(CChainState& chainstate, CDeterministicMNManager& dmnman, CEvoDB& evoDb,
+    explicit CQuorumBlockProcessor(Chainstate& chainstate, CDeterministicMNManager& dmnman, CEvoDB& evoDb,
                                    CQuorumSnapshotManager& qsnapman, int8_t bls_threads);
     ~CQuorumBlockProcessor();
 
diff --git a/src/llmq/signing.h b/src/llmq/signing.h
index d91926edf6f2..a8175ef4d2e1 100644
--- a/src/llmq/signing.h
+++ b/src/llmq/signing.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <variant>
 
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class CDataStream;
 class CDBBatch;
 class CDBWrapper;
diff --git a/src/node/blockstorage.cpp b/src/node/blockstorage.cpp
index 49fd4fb537c8..2cc89846ecd4 100644
--- a/src/node/blockstorage.cpp
+++ b/src/node/blockstorage.cpp
@@ -570,6 +570,16 @@ void BlockManager::FlushUndoFile(int block_file, bool finalize)
 void BlockManager::FlushBlockFile(bool fFinalize, bool finalize_undo)
 {
     LOCK(cs_LastBlockFile);
+
+    if (m_blockfile_info.size() < 1) {
+        // Return if we haven't loaded any blockfiles yet. This happens during
+        // chainstate init, when we call ChainstateManager::MaybeRebalanceCaches() (which
+        // then calls FlushStateToDisk()), resulting in a call to this function before we
+        // have populated `m_blockfile_info` via LoadBlockIndexDB().
+        return;
+    }
+    assert(static_cast<int>(m_blockfile_info.size()) > m_last_blockfile);
+
     FlatFilePos block_pos_old(m_last_blockfile, m_blockfile_info[m_last_blockfile].nSize);
     if (!BlockFileSeq().Flush(block_pos_old, fFinalize)) {
         AbortNode("Flushing block file to disk failed. This is likely the result of an I/O error.");
@@ -913,7 +923,7 @@ void ThreadImport(ChainstateManager& chainman, std::vector<fs::path> vImportFile
         // We can't hold cs_main during ActivateBestChain even though we're accessing
         // the chainman unique_ptrs since ABC requires us not to be holding cs_main, so retrieve
         // the relevant pointers before the ABC call.
-        for (CChainState* chainstate : WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return chainman.GetAll())) {
+        for (Chainstate* chainstate : WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return chainman.GetAll())) {
             BlockValidationState state;
             if (!chainstate->ActivateBestChain(state, nullptr)) {
                 LogPrintf("Failed to connect best block (%s)\n", state.ToString());
diff --git a/src/node/blockstorage.h b/src/node/blockstorage.h
index cb5473aaabb8..b7624e731afa 100644
--- a/src/node/blockstorage.h
+++ b/src/node/blockstorage.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class CBlock;
 class CBlockUndo;
 class CChain;
 class CChainParams;
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class ChainstateManager;
 struct CCheckpointData;
 struct FlatFilePos;
@@ -80,12 +80,12 @@ struct PruneLockInfo {
  * Maintains a tree of blocks (stored in `m_block_index`) which is consulted
  * to determine where the most-work tip is.
  *
- * This data is used mostly in `CChainState` - information about, e.g.,
+ * This data is used mostly in `Chainstate` - information about, e.g.,
  * candidate tips is not maintained here.
  */
 class BlockManager
 {
-    friend CChainState;
+    friend Chainstate;
     friend ChainstateManager;
 
 private:
diff --git a/src/node/chainstate.cpp b/src/node/chainstate.cpp
index 9a741f291c3e..79b7e353367d 100644
--- a/src/node/chainstate.cpp
+++ b/src/node/chainstate.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <consensus/params.h>
 #include <deploymentstatus.h>
 #include <node/blockstorage.h>
+#include <node/caches.h>
 #include <sync.h>
 #include <threadsafety.h>
 #include <tinyformat.h>
@@ -33,8 +34,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace node {
-std::optional<ChainstateLoadingError> LoadChainstate(bool fReset,
-                                                     ChainstateManager& chainman,
+ChainstateLoadResult LoadChainstate(ChainstateManager& chainman,
                                                      CMasternodeMetaMan& mn_metaman,
                                                      CSporkManager& sporkman,
                                                      chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
@@ -43,78 +43,70 @@ std::optional<ChainstateLoadingError> LoadChainstate(bool fReset,
                                                      std::unique_ptr<CDeterministicMNManager>& dmnman,
                                                      std::unique_ptr<CEvoDB>& evodb,
                                                      std::unique_ptr<LLMQContext>& llmq_ctx,
-                                                     CTxMemPool* mempool,
                                                      const fs::path& data_dir,
-                                                     bool fPruneMode,
-                                                     bool fReindexChainState,
-                                                     int64_t nBlockTreeDBCache,
-                                                     int64_t nCoinDBCache,
-                                                     int64_t nCoinCacheUsage,
-                                                     bool block_tree_db_in_memory,
-                                                     bool coins_db_in_memory,
-                                                     bool dash_dbs_in_memory,
-                                                     int8_t bls_threads,
-                                                     int16_t worker_count,
-                                                     int64_t max_recsigs_age,
-                                                     std::function<bool()> shutdown_requested,
-                                                     std::function<void()> coins_error_cb)
+                                                     const CacheSizes& cache_sizes,
+                                                     const ChainstateLoadOptions& options)
 {
-    auto is_coinsview_empty = [&](CChainState* chainstate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
-        return fReset || fReindexChainState || chainstate->CoinsTip().GetBestBlock().IsNull();
+    auto is_coinsview_empty = [&](Chainstate* chainstate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
+        return options.reindex || options.reindex_chainstate || chainstate->CoinsTip().GetBestBlock().IsNull();
     };
 
     LOCK(cs_main);
-
     evodb.reset();
-    evodb = std::make_unique<CEvoDB>(util::DbWrapperParams{.path = data_dir, .memory = dash_dbs_in_memory, .wipe = fReset || fReindexChainState});
+    evodb = std::make_unique<CEvoDB>(util::DbWrapperParams{.path = data_dir, .memory = options.dash_dbs_in_memory, .wipe = options.reindex || options.reindex_chainstate});
+    chainman.m_total_coinstip_cache = cache_sizes.coins;
+    chainman.m_total_coinsdb_cache = cache_sizes.coins_db;
+
+    // Load the fully validated chainstate.
+    chainman.InitializeChainstate(options.mempool, *evodb, chain_helper);
 
-    chainman.InitializeChainstate(mempool, *evodb, chain_helper);
-    chainman.m_total_coinstip_cache = nCoinCacheUsage;
-    chainman.m_total_coinsdb_cache = nCoinDBCache;
+    // Load a chain created from a UTXO snapshot, if any exist.
+    chainman.DetectSnapshotChainstate(options.mempool);
 
     auto& pblocktree{chainman.m_blockman.m_block_tree_db};
     // new CBlockTreeDB tries to delete the existing file, which
     // fails if it's still open from the previous loop. Close it first:
     pblocktree.reset();
-    pblocktree.reset(new CBlockTreeDB(nBlockTreeDBCache, block_tree_db_in_memory, fReset));
+    pblocktree.reset(new CBlockTreeDB(cache_sizes.block_tree_db, options.block_tree_db_in_memory, options.reindex));
 
     DashChainstateSetup(chainman, mn_metaman, sporkman, chainlocks, mn_sync, chain_helper,
-                        dmnman, *evodb, llmq_ctx, mempool, data_dir, dash_dbs_in_memory,
-                        /*llmq_dbs_wipe=*/fReset || fReindexChainState, bls_threads, worker_count,
-                        max_recsigs_age);
+                        dmnman, *evodb, llmq_ctx, options.mempool, data_dir, options.dash_dbs_in_memory,
+                        /*llmq_dbs_wipe=*/options.reindex || options.reindex_chainstate, options.bls_threads, options.worker_count,
+                        options.max_recsigs_age);
 
-    if (fReset) {
+    if (options.reindex) {
         pblocktree->WriteReindexing(true);
         //If we're reindexing in prune mode, wipe away unusable block files and all undo data files
-        if (fPruneMode)
+        if (options.prune) {
             CleanupBlockRevFiles();
+        }
     }
 
-    if (shutdown_requested && shutdown_requested()) return ChainstateLoadingError::SHUTDOWN_PROBED;
+    if (options.check_interrupt && options.check_interrupt()) return {ChainstateLoadStatus::INTERRUPTED, {}};
 
     // LoadBlockIndex will load m_have_pruned if we've ever removed a
     // block file from disk.
-    // Note that it also sets fReindex based on the disk flag!
-    // From here on out fReindex and fReset mean something different!
+    // Note that it also sets fReindex global based on the disk flag!
+    // From here on, fReindex and options.reindex values may be different!
     if (!chainman.LoadBlockIndex()) {
-        if (shutdown_requested && shutdown_requested()) return ChainstateLoadingError::SHUTDOWN_PROBED;
-        return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_LOADING_BLOCK_DB;
+        if (options.check_interrupt && options.check_interrupt()) return {ChainstateLoadStatus::INTERRUPTED, {}};
+        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error loading block database")};
     }
 
     if (!chainman.BlockIndex().empty() &&
             !chainman.m_blockman.LookupBlockIndex(chainman.GetConsensus().hashGenesisBlock)) {
-        return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_BAD_GENESIS_BLOCK;
+        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE_INCOMPATIBLE_DB, _("Incorrect or no genesis block found. Wrong datadir for network?")};
     }
 
     if (!chainman.GetConsensus().hashDevnetGenesisBlock.IsNull() && !chainman.BlockIndex().empty() &&
             !chainman.m_blockman.LookupBlockIndex(chainman.GetConsensus().hashDevnetGenesisBlock)) {
-        return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_BAD_DEVNET_GENESIS_BLOCK;
+        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE_INCOMPATIBLE_DB, _("Incorrect or no devnet genesis block found. Wrong datadir for devnet specified?")};
     }
 
     // Check for changed -prune state.  What we are concerned about is a user who has pruned blocks
     // in the past, but is now trying to run unpruned.
-    if (chainman.m_blockman.m_have_pruned && !fPruneMode) {
-        return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_PRUNED_NEEDS_REINDEX;
+    if (chainman.m_blockman.m_have_pruned && !options.prune) {
+        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("You need to rebuild the database using -reindex to go back to unpruned mode.  This will redownload the entire blockchain")};
     }
 
     // At this point blocktree args are consistent with what's on disk.
@@ -122,64 +114,79 @@ std::optional<ChainstateLoadingError> LoadChainstate(bool fReset,
     // (otherwise we use the one already on disk).
     // This is called again in ThreadImport after the reindex completes.
     if (!fReindex && !chainman.ActiveChainstate().LoadGenesisBlock()) {
-        return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_LOAD_GENESIS_BLOCK_FAILED;
+        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error initializing block database")};
     }
 
+    // Conservative value which is arbitrarily chosen, as it will ultimately be changed
+    // by a call to `chainman.MaybeRebalanceCaches()`. We just need to make sure
+    // that the sum of the two caches (40%) does not exceed the allowable amount
+    // during this temporary initialization state.
+    double init_cache_fraction = 0.2;
+
     // At this point we're either in reindex or we've loaded a useful
     // block tree into BlockIndex()!
 
-    for (CChainState* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
+    for (Chainstate* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
+        LogPrintf("Initializing chainstate %s\n", chainstate->ToString());
+
         chainstate->InitCoinsDB(
-            /*cache_size_bytes=*/nCoinDBCache,
-            /*in_memory=*/coins_db_in_memory,
-            /*should_wipe=*/fReset || fReindexChainState);
+            /*cache_size_bytes=*/chainman.m_total_coinsdb_cache * init_cache_fraction,
+            /*in_memory=*/options.coins_db_in_memory,
+            /*should_wipe=*/options.reindex || options.reindex_chainstate);
 
-        if (coins_error_cb) {
-            chainstate->CoinsErrorCatcher().AddReadErrCallback(coins_error_cb);
+        if (options.coins_error_cb) {
+            chainstate->CoinsErrorCatcher().AddReadErrCallback(options.coins_error_cb);
         }
 
         // Refuse to load unsupported database format.
         // This is a no-op if we cleared the coinsviewdb with -reindex or -reindex-chainstate
         if (chainstate->CoinsDB().NeedsUpgrade()) {
-            return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_CHAINSTATE_UPGRADE_FAILED;
+            return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE_INCOMPATIBLE_DB, _("Unsupported chainstate database format found. "
+                                                                     "Please restart with -reindex-chainstate. This will "
+                                                                     "rebuild the chainstate database.")};
         }
 
         // ReplayBlocks is a no-op if we cleared the coinsviewdb with -reindex or -reindex-chainstate
         if (!chainstate->ReplayBlocks()) {
-            return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_REPLAYBLOCKS_FAILED;
+            return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Unable to replay blocks. You will need to rebuild the database using -reindex-chainstate.")};
         }
 
         // The on-disk coinsdb is now in a good state, create the cache
-        chainstate->InitCoinsCache(nCoinCacheUsage);
+        chainstate->InitCoinsCache(chainman.m_total_coinstip_cache * init_cache_fraction);
         assert(chainstate->CanFlushToDisk());
 
         // flush evodb
-        // TODO: CEvoDB instance should probably be a part of CChainState
+        // TODO: CEvoDB instance should probably be a part of Chainstate
         // (for multiple chainstates to actually work in parallel)
         // and not a global
         if (&chainman.ActiveChainstate() == chainstate && !evodb->CommitRootTransaction()) {
-            return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_COMMITING_EVO_DB;
+            return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Failed to commit Evo database")};
         }
 
         if (!is_coinsview_empty(chainstate)) {
             // LoadChainTip initializes the chain based on CoinsTip()'s best block
             if (!chainstate->LoadChainTip()) {
-                return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_LOADCHAINTIP_FAILED;
+                return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error initializing block database")};
             }
             assert(chainstate->m_chain.Tip() != nullptr);
         }
     }
 
     if (!chain_helper->ehf_manager->ForceSignalDBUpdate()) {
-        return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_UPGRADING_SIGNALS_DB;
+        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error upgrading evo database for EHF")};
     }
 
     // Check if nVersion-first migration is needed and perform it
     if (dmnman->IsMigrationRequired() && !dmnman->MigrateLegacyDiffs(chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_chain.Tip())) {
-        return ChainstateLoadingError::ERROR_UPGRADING_EVO_DB;
+        return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Failed to upgrade Evo database")};
     }
 
-    return std::nullopt;
+    // Now that chainstates are loaded and we're able to flush to
+    // disk, rebalance the coins caches to desired levels based
+    // on the condition of each chainstate.
+    chainman.MaybeRebalanceCaches();
+
+    return {ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS, {}};
 }
 
 void DashChainstateSetup(ChainstateManager& chainman,
@@ -230,62 +237,59 @@ void DashChainstateSetupClose(std::unique_ptr<CChainstateHelper>& chain_helper,
     dmnman.reset();
 }
 
-std::optional<ChainstateLoadVerifyError> VerifyLoadedChainstate(ChainstateManager& chainman,
-                                                                CEvoDB& evodb,
-                                                                bool fReset,
-                                                                bool fReindexChainState,
-                                                                int check_blocks,
-                                                                int check_level,
-                                                                std::function<void(bool)> notify_bls_state)
+ChainstateLoadResult VerifyLoadedChainstate(ChainstateManager& chainman, CEvoDB& evodb,
+                                            const ChainstateLoadOptions& options)
 {
-    auto is_coinsview_empty = [&](CChainState* chainstate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
-        return fReset || fReindexChainState || chainstate->CoinsTip().GetBestBlock().IsNull();
+    auto is_coinsview_empty = [&](Chainstate* chainstate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
+        return options.reindex || options.reindex_chainstate || chainstate->CoinsTip().GetBestBlock().IsNull();
     };
 
     LOCK(cs_main);
 
-    for (CChainState* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
+    for (Chainstate* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
         if (!is_coinsview_empty(chainstate)) {
             const CBlockIndex* tip = chainstate->m_chain.Tip();
             if (tip && tip->nTime > GetTime() + MAX_FUTURE_BLOCK_TIME) {
-                return ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_BLOCK_FROM_FUTURE;
+                return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("The block database contains a block which appears to be from the future. "
+                                                         "This may be due to your computer's date and time being set incorrectly. "
+                                                         "Only rebuild the block database if you are sure that your computer's date and time are correct")};
             }
             const bool v19active{DeploymentActiveAfter(tip, chainman, Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_V19)};
             if (v19active) {
                 bls::bls_legacy_scheme.store(false);
-                if (notify_bls_state) notify_bls_state(bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load());
+                if (options.notify_bls_state) options.notify_bls_state(bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load());
             }
 
             if (!CVerifyDB().VerifyDB(
                     *chainstate, chainman.GetConsensus(), chainstate->CoinsDB(),
                     evodb,
-                    check_level,
-                    check_blocks)) {
-                return ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_CORRUPTED_BLOCK_DB;
+                    options.check_level,
+                    options.check_blocks)) {
+                return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Corrupted block database detected")};
             }
 
             // VerifyDB() disconnects blocks which might result in us switching back to legacy.
             // Make sure we use the right scheme.
             if (v19active && bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load()) {
                 bls::bls_legacy_scheme.store(false);
-                if (notify_bls_state) notify_bls_state(bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load());
+                if (options.notify_bls_state) options.notify_bls_state(bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load());
             }
 
-            if (check_level >= 3) {
+            if (options.check_level >= 3) {
                 chainstate->ResetBlockFailureFlags(nullptr);
             }
 
         } else {
-            // TODO: CEvoDB instance should probably be a part of CChainState
+            // TODO: CEvoDB instance should probably be a part of Chainstate
             // (for multiple chainstates to actually work in parallel)
             // and not a global
             if (&chainman.ActiveChainstate() == chainstate && !evodb.IsEmpty()) {
                 // EvoDB processed some blocks earlier but we have no blocks anymore, something is wrong
-                return ChainstateLoadVerifyError::ERROR_EVO_DB_SANITY_FAILED;
+                return {ChainstateLoadStatus::FAILURE, _("Error initializing block database")};
             }
         }
     }
 
-    return std::nullopt;
+    return {ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS, {}};
 }
 } // namespace node
diff --git a/src/node/chainstate.h b/src/node/chainstate.h
index 2e3a830ea445..36233b4e1aba 100644
--- a/src/node/chainstate.h
+++ b/src/node/chainstate.h
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <validation.h>
 
 class CChainstateHelper;
 class CDeterministicMNManager;
@@ -27,22 +29,35 @@ class path;
 } // namespace fs
 
 namespace node {
-enum class ChainstateLoadingError {
-    ERROR_LOADING_BLOCK_DB,
-    ERROR_BAD_GENESIS_BLOCK,
-    ERROR_BAD_DEVNET_GENESIS_BLOCK,
-    ERROR_PRUNED_NEEDS_REINDEX,
-    ERROR_LOAD_GENESIS_BLOCK_FAILED,
-    ERROR_CHAINSTATE_UPGRADE_FAILED,
-    ERROR_REPLAYBLOCKS_FAILED,
-    ERROR_LOADCHAINTIP_FAILED,
-    ERROR_GENERIC_BLOCKDB_OPEN_FAILED,
-    ERROR_COMMITING_EVO_DB,
-    ERROR_UPGRADING_EVO_DB,
-    ERROR_UPGRADING_SIGNALS_DB,
-    SHUTDOWN_PROBED,
+struct CacheSizes;
+
+struct ChainstateLoadOptions {
+    CTxMemPool* mempool{nullptr};
+    bool block_tree_db_in_memory{false};
+    bool coins_db_in_memory{false};
+    bool dash_dbs_in_memory{false};
+    bool reindex{false};
+    bool reindex_chainstate{false};
+    bool prune{false};
+    int8_t bls_threads{0};
+    int16_t worker_count{0};
+    int64_t max_recsigs_age{0};
+    int64_t check_blocks{DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS};
+    int64_t check_level{DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL};
+    std::function<bool()> check_interrupt;
+    std::function<void()> coins_error_cb;
+    std::function<void(bool)> notify_bls_state;
 };
 
+//! Chainstate load status. Simple applications can just check for the success
+//! case, and treat other cases as errors. More complex applications may want to
+//! try reindexing in the generic failure case, and pass an interrupt callback
+//! and exit cleanly in the interrupted case.
+enum class ChainstateLoadStatus { SUCCESS, FAILURE, FAILURE_INCOMPATIBLE_DB, INTERRUPTED };
+
+//! Chainstate load status code and optional error string.
+using ChainstateLoadResult = std::tuple<ChainstateLoadStatus, bilingual_str>;
+
 /** This sequence can have 4 types of outcomes:
  *
  *  1. Success
@@ -54,23 +69,9 @@ enum class ChainstateLoadingError {
  *  4. Hard failure
  *    - a failure that definitively cannot be recovered from with a reindex
  *
- *  Currently, LoadChainstate returns a std::optional<ChainstateLoadingError>
- *  which:
- *
- *  - if has_value()
- *      - Either "Soft failure", "Hard failure", or "Shutdown requested",
- *        differentiable by the specific enumerator.
- *
- *        Note that a return value of SHUTDOWN_PROBED means ONLY that "during
- *        this sequence, when we explicitly checked shutdown_requested() at
- *        arbitrary points, one of those calls returned true". Therefore, a
- *        return value other than SHUTDOWN_PROBED does not guarantee that
- *        shutdown hasn't been called indirectly.
- *  - else
- *      - Success!
+ *  LoadChainstate returns a (status code, error string) tuple.
  */
-std::optional<ChainstateLoadingError> LoadChainstate(bool fReset,
-                                                     ChainstateManager& chainman,
+ChainstateLoadResult LoadChainstate(ChainstateManager& chainman,
                                                      CMasternodeMetaMan& mn_metaman,
                                                      CSporkManager& sporkman,
                                                      chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
@@ -79,21 +80,9 @@ std::optional<ChainstateLoadingError> LoadChainstate(bool fReset,
                                                      std::unique_ptr<CDeterministicMNManager>& dmnman,
                                                      std::unique_ptr<CEvoDB>& evodb,
                                                      std::unique_ptr<LLMQContext>& llmq_ctx,
-                                                     CTxMemPool* mempool,
                                                      const fs::path& data_dir,
-                                                     bool fPruneMode,
-                                                     bool fReindexChainState,
-                                                     int64_t nBlockTreeDBCache,
-                                                     int64_t nCoinDBCache,
-                                                     int64_t nCoinCacheUsage,
-                                                     bool block_tree_db_in_memory,
-                                                     bool coins_db_in_memory,
-                                                     bool dash_dbs_in_memory,
-                                                     int8_t bls_threads,
-                                                     int16_t worker_count,
-                                                     int64_t max_recsigs_age,
-                                                     std::function<bool()> shutdown_requested = nullptr,
-                                                     std::function<void()> coins_error_cb = nullptr);
+                                                     const CacheSizes& cache_sizes,
+                                                     const ChainstateLoadOptions& options);
 
 /** Initialize Dash-specific components during chainstate initialization */
 void DashChainstateSetup(ChainstateManager& chainman,
@@ -118,20 +107,8 @@ void DashChainstateSetupClose(std::unique_ptr<CChainstateHelper>& chain_helper,
                               std::unique_ptr<LLMQContext>& llmq_ctx,
                               CTxMemPool* mempool);
 
-enum class ChainstateLoadVerifyError {
-    ERROR_BLOCK_FROM_FUTURE,
-    ERROR_CORRUPTED_BLOCK_DB,
-    ERROR_EVO_DB_SANITY_FAILED,
-    ERROR_GENERIC_FAILURE,
-};
-
-std::optional<ChainstateLoadVerifyError> VerifyLoadedChainstate(ChainstateManager& chainman,
-                                                                CEvoDB& evodb,
-                                                                bool fReset,
-                                                                bool fReindexChainState,
-                                                                int check_blocks,
-                                                                int check_level,
-                                                                std::function<void(bool)> notify_bls_state = nullptr);
+ChainstateLoadResult VerifyLoadedChainstate(ChainstateManager& chainman, CEvoDB& evodb,
+                                            const ChainstateLoadOptions& options);
 } // namespace node
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_NODE_CHAINSTATE_H
diff --git a/src/node/interfaces.cpp b/src/node/interfaces.cpp
index 138f8959e759..a78fd6d8dad1 100644
--- a/src/node/interfaces.cpp
+++ b/src/node/interfaces.cpp
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ class ChainImpl : public Chain
     std::optional<int> findLocatorFork(const CBlockLocator& locator) override
     {
         LOCK(::cs_main);
-        const CChainState& active = chainman().ActiveChainstate();
+        const Chainstate& active = chainman().ActiveChainstate();
         if (const CBlockIndex* fork = active.FindForkInGlobalIndex(locator)) {
             return fork->nHeight;
         }
diff --git a/src/node/miner.cpp b/src/node/miner.cpp
index 86b563b2567f..656e21d35fd8 100644
--- a/src/node/miner.cpp
+++ b/src/node/miner.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ BlockAssembler::Options::Options()
     nBlockMaxSize = DEFAULT_BLOCK_MAX_SIZE;
 }
 
-BlockAssembler::BlockAssembler(CChainState& chainstate, const NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool, const Options& options) :
+BlockAssembler::BlockAssembler(Chainstate& chainstate, const NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool, const Options& options) :
       m_blockman(chainstate.m_blockman),
       m_chain_helper(chainstate.ChainHelper()),
       m_chainstate(chainstate),
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ static BlockAssembler::Options DefaultOptions()
     return options;
 }
 
-BlockAssembler::BlockAssembler(CChainState& chainstate, const NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool)
+BlockAssembler::BlockAssembler(Chainstate& chainstate, const NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool)
     : BlockAssembler(chainstate, node, mempool, DefaultOptions()) {}
 
 void BlockAssembler::resetBlock()
diff --git a/src/node/miner.h b/src/node/miner.h
index 18d9520d0061..09777650be17 100644
--- a/src/node/miner.h
+++ b/src/node/miner.h
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class BlockAssembler
 
     BlockManager& m_blockman;
     CChainstateHelper& m_chain_helper;
-    CChainState& m_chainstate;
+    Chainstate& m_chainstate;
     CEvoDB& m_evoDb;
     const chainlock::Chainlocks& m_chainlocks;
     chainlock::ChainlockHandler& m_clhandler;
@@ -187,8 +187,8 @@ class BlockAssembler
         CFeeRate blockMinFeeRate;
     };
 
-    explicit BlockAssembler(CChainState& chainstate, const node::NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool);
-    explicit BlockAssembler(CChainState& chainstate, const node::NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool, const Options& options);
+    explicit BlockAssembler(Chainstate& chainstate, const node::NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool);
+    explicit BlockAssembler(Chainstate& chainstate, const node::NodeContext& node, const CTxMemPool* mempool, const Options& options);
 
     /** Construct a new block template with coinbase to scriptPubKeyIn */
     std::unique_ptr<CBlockTemplate> CreateNewBlock(const CScript& scriptPubKeyIn);
diff --git a/src/node/utxo_snapshot.cpp b/src/node/utxo_snapshot.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bab1b7521167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/node/utxo_snapshot.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Bitcoin Core developers
+// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
+// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
+
+#include <node/utxo_snapshot.h>
+
+#include <fs.h>
+#include <logging.h>
+#include <streams.h>
+#include <uint256.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <validation.h>
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <optional>
+
+namespace node {
+
+bool WriteSnapshotBaseBlockhash(Chainstate& snapshot_chainstate)
+{
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
+    assert(snapshot_chainstate.m_from_snapshot_blockhash);
+
+    const std::optional<fs::path> chaindir = snapshot_chainstate.CoinsDB().StoragePath();
+    assert(chaindir); // Sanity check that chainstate isn't in-memory.
+    const fs::path write_to = *chaindir / node::SNAPSHOT_BLOCKHASH_FILENAME;
+
+    FILE* file{fsbridge::fopen(write_to, "wb")};
+    AutoFile afile{file};
+    if (afile.IsNull()) {
+        LogPrintf("[snapshot] failed to open base blockhash file for writing: %s\n",
+                  fs::PathToString(write_to));
+        return false;
+    }
+    afile << *snapshot_chainstate.m_from_snapshot_blockhash;
+
+    if (afile.fclose() != 0) {
+        LogPrintf("[snapshot] failed to close base blockhash file %s after writing\n",
+                  fs::PathToString(write_to));
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+std::optional<uint256> ReadSnapshotBaseBlockhash(fs::path chaindir)
+{
+    if (!fs::exists(chaindir)) {
+        LogPrintf("[snapshot] cannot read base blockhash: no chainstate dir " /* Continued */
+            "exists at path %s\n", fs::PathToString(chaindir));
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    const fs::path read_from = chaindir / node::SNAPSHOT_BLOCKHASH_FILENAME;
+    const std::string read_from_str = fs::PathToString(read_from);
+
+    if (!fs::exists(read_from)) {
+        LogPrintf("[snapshot] snapshot chainstate dir is malformed! no base blockhash file " /* Continued */
+            "exists at path %s. Try deleting %s and calling loadtxoutset again?\n",
+            fs::PathToString(chaindir), read_from_str);
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    uint256 base_blockhash;
+    FILE* file{fsbridge::fopen(read_from, "rb")};
+    AutoFile afile{file};
+    if (afile.IsNull()) {
+        LogPrintf("[snapshot] failed to open base blockhash file for reading: %s\n",
+            read_from_str);
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    afile >> base_blockhash;
+
+    if (std::fgetc(afile.Get()) != EOF) {
+        LogPrintf("[snapshot] warning: unexpected trailing data in %s\n", read_from_str);
+    } else if (std::ferror(afile.Get())) {
+        LogPrintf("[snapshot] warning: i/o error reading %s\n", read_from_str);
+    }
+    return base_blockhash;
+}
+
+std::optional<fs::path> FindSnapshotChainstateDir()
+{
+    fs::path possible_dir =
+        gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / fs::u8path(strprintf("chainstate%s", SNAPSHOT_CHAINSTATE_SUFFIX));
+
+    if (fs::exists(possible_dir)) {
+        return possible_dir;
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+} // namespace node
diff --git a/src/node/utxo_snapshot.h b/src/node/utxo_snapshot.h
index 401d4baaeb92..86cdbf6be347 100644
--- a/src/node/utxo_snapshot.h
+++ b/src/node/utxo_snapshot.h
@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@
 #ifndef BITCOIN_NODE_UTXO_SNAPSHOT_H
 #define BITCOIN_NODE_UTXO_SNAPSHOT_H
 
+#include <fs.h>
 #include <uint256.h>
 #include <serialize.h>
+#include <validation.h>
+
+#include <optional>
 
 namespace node {
 //! Metadata describing a serialized version of a UTXO set from which an
-//! assumeutxo CChainState can be constructed.
+//! assumeutxo Chainstate can be constructed.
 class SnapshotMetadata
 {
 public:
@@ -33,6 +37,33 @@ class SnapshotMetadata
 
     SERIALIZE_METHODS(SnapshotMetadata, obj) { READWRITE(obj.m_base_blockhash, obj.m_coins_count); }
 };
+
+//! The file in the snapshot chainstate dir which stores the base blockhash. This is
+//! needed to reconstruct snapshot chainstates on init.
+//!
+//! Because we only allow loading a single snapshot at a time, there will only be one
+//! chainstate directory with this filename present within it.
+const fs::path SNAPSHOT_BLOCKHASH_FILENAME{"base_blockhash"};
+
+//! Write out the blockhash of the snapshot base block that was used to construct
+//! this chainstate. This value is read in during subsequent initializations and
+//! used to reconstruct snapshot-based chainstates.
+bool WriteSnapshotBaseBlockhash(Chainstate& snapshot_chainstate)
+    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
+
+//! Read the blockhash of the snapshot base block that was used to construct the
+//! chainstate.
+std::optional<uint256> ReadSnapshotBaseBlockhash(fs::path chaindir)
+    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
+
+//! Suffix appended to the chainstate (leveldb) dir when created based upon
+//! a snapshot.
+constexpr std::string_view SNAPSHOT_CHAINSTATE_SUFFIX = "_snapshot";
+
+
+//! Return a path to the snapshot-based chainstate dir, if one exists.
+std::optional<fs::path> FindSnapshotChainstateDir();
+
 } // namespace node
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_NODE_UTXO_SNAPSHOT_H
diff --git a/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp b/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
index 98af9c19b998..c46b1358c81b 100644
--- a/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static GlobalMutex cs_blockchange;
 static std::condition_variable cond_blockchange;
 static CUpdatedBlock latestblock GUARDED_BY(cs_blockchange);
 
-extern void TxToJSON(const CTransaction& tx, const uint256 hashBlock, const CTxMemPool& mempool, const CChainState& active_chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman, UniValue& entry, TxVerbosity verbosity = TxVerbosity::SHOW_DETAILS);
+extern void TxToJSON(const CTransaction& tx, const uint256 hashBlock, const CTxMemPool& mempool, const Chainstate& active_chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman, UniValue& entry, TxVerbosity verbosity = TxVerbosity::SHOW_DETAILS);
 
 /* Calculate the difficulty for a given block index.
  */
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan getblockheaders()
 
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
 
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
     CChain& active_chain = active_chainstate.m_chain;
 
     const CBlockIndex* pblockindex;
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan pruneblockchain()
 
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureAnyChainman(request.context);
     LOCK(cs_main);
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
     CChain& active_chain = active_chainstate.m_chain;
 
     int heightParam = request.params[0].getInt<int>();
@@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan gettxoutsetinfo()
 
     const NodeContext& node = EnsureAnyNodeContext(request.context);
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
     active_chainstate.ForceFlushStateToDisk();
 
     CCoinsView* coins_view;
@@ -1366,7 +1366,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan gettxout()
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
     LOCK(cs_main);
 
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
 
     UniValue ret(UniValue::VOBJ);
 
@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan verifychain()
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
     LOCK(cs_main);
 
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
     return CVerifyDB().VerifyDB(
         active_chainstate, chainman.GetParams().GetConsensus(), active_chainstate.CoinsTip(), *CHECK_NONFATAL(node.evodb), check_level, check_depth);
 },
@@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@ RPCHelpMan getblockchaininfo()
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
 
     LOCK(cs_main);
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
 
     const CBlockIndex& tip{*CHECK_NONFATAL(active_chainstate.m_chain.Tip())};
     const int height{tip.nHeight};
@@ -1850,7 +1850,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan invalidateblock()
         }
     }
 
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
     active_chainstate.InvalidateBlock(state, pblockindex);
 
     if (state.IsValid()) {
@@ -1883,7 +1883,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan reconsiderblock()
         [&](const RPCHelpMan& self, const JSONRPCRequest& request) -> UniValue
 {
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureAnyChainman(request.context);
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
 
     uint256 hash(ParseHashV(request.params[0], "blockhash"));
     const bool ignore_chainlocks{request.params[1].isNull() ? false : request.params[1].get_bool()};
@@ -2588,7 +2588,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan scantxoutset()
         {
             ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
             LOCK(cs_main);
-            CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+            Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
             active_chainstate.ForceFlushStateToDisk();
             pcursor = CHECK_NONFATAL(active_chainstate.CoinsDB().Cursor());
             tip = CHECK_NONFATAL(active_chainstate.m_chain.Tip());
@@ -2769,7 +2769,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan dumptxoutset()
 
 UniValue CreateUTXOSnapshot(
     NodeContext& node,
-    CChainState& chainstate,
+    Chainstate& chainstate,
     AutoFile& afile,
     const fs::path& path,
     const fs::path& temppath)
diff --git a/src/rpc/blockchain.h b/src/rpc/blockchain.h
index 7c2051bd1d2e..7a4575f78423 100644
--- a/src/rpc/blockchain.h
+++ b/src/rpc/blockchain.h
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ extern RecursiveMutex cs_main; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-declaration)
 
 class CBlock;
 class CBlockIndex;
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class CCoinsView;
 namespace chainlock { class Chainlocks; }
 namespace kernel {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void CalculatePercentilesBySize(CAmount result[NUM_GETBLOCKSTATS_PERCENTILES], s
  */
 UniValue CreateUTXOSnapshot(
     node::NodeContext& node,
-    CChainState& chainstate,
+    Chainstate& chainstate,
     AutoFile& afile,
     const fs::path& path,
     const fs::path& tmppath);
diff --git a/src/rpc/mempool.cpp b/src/rpc/mempool.cpp
index 46215c339063..62cf724e11c8 100644
--- a/src/rpc/mempool.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/mempool.cpp
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan testmempoolaccept()
             NodeContext& node = EnsureAnyNodeContext(request.context);
             CTxMemPool& mempool = EnsureMemPool(node);
             ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
-            CChainState& chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+            Chainstate& chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
             const PackageMempoolAcceptResult package_result = [&] {
                 LOCK(::cs_main);
                 if (txns.size() > 1) return ProcessNewPackage(chainstate, mempool, txns, /*test_accept=*/true);
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan submitpackage()
 
             NodeContext& node = EnsureAnyNodeContext(request.context);
             CTxMemPool& mempool = EnsureMemPool(node);
-            CChainState& chainstate = EnsureChainman(node).ActiveChainstate();
+            Chainstate& chainstate = EnsureChainman(node).ActiveChainstate();
             const auto package_result = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return ProcessNewPackage(chainstate, mempool, txns, /*test_accept=*/ false));
 
             // First catch any errors.
diff --git a/src/rpc/mining.cpp b/src/rpc/mining.cpp
index f419d141ba87..fe63e8b35d6e 100644
--- a/src/rpc/mining.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/mining.cpp
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan generateblock()
     }
 
     ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
 
     CBlock block;
     {
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan getblocktemplate()
     std::string strMode = "template";
     UniValue lpval = NullUniValue;
     std::set<std::string> setClientRules;
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
     CChain& active_chain = active_chainstate.m_chain;
     if (!request.params[0].isNull())
     {
diff --git a/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp b/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
index 9c2cbaad0e5b..a8f60bbba753 100644
--- a/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ using node::GetTransaction;
 using node::NodeContext;
 using node::PSBTAnalysis;
 
-void TxToJSON(const CTransaction& tx, const uint256 hashBlock, const  CTxMemPool& mempool, const CChainState& active_chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman, UniValue& entry, TxVerbosity verbosity = TxVerbosity::SHOW_DETAILS)
+void TxToJSON(const CTransaction& tx, const uint256 hashBlock, const  CTxMemPool& mempool, const Chainstate& active_chainstate, const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks, const llmq::CInstantSendManager& isman, UniValue& entry, TxVerbosity verbosity = TxVerbosity::SHOW_DETAILS)
 {
     CHECK_NONFATAL(verbosity >= TxVerbosity::SHOW_DETAILS);
 
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan gettxchainlocks()
 {
     const NodeContext& node = EnsureAnyNodeContext(request.context);
     const ChainstateManager& chainman = EnsureChainman(node);
-    const CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    const Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
     CHECK_NONFATAL(node.chainlocks);
 
     UniValue result_arr(UniValue::VARR);
diff --git a/src/rpc/txoutproof.cpp b/src/rpc/txoutproof.cpp
index 5313d8531cbd..dc99e342b9cf 100644
--- a/src/rpc/txoutproof.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/txoutproof.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ static RPCHelpMan gettxoutproof()
                 }
             } else {
                 LOCK(cs_main);
-                CChainState& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+                Chainstate& active_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
 
                 // Loop through txids and try to find which block they're in. Exit loop once a block is found.
                 for (const auto& tx : setTxids) {
diff --git a/src/streams.h b/src/streams.h
index 150c420c789b..ae2679b97826 100644
--- a/src/streams.h
+++ b/src/streams.h
@@ -507,12 +507,14 @@ class AutoFile
     AutoFile(const AutoFile&) = delete;
     AutoFile& operator=(const AutoFile&) = delete;
 
-    void fclose()
+    int fclose()
     {
+        int retval{0};
         if (file) {
-            ::fclose(file);
+            retval = ::fclose(file);
             file = nullptr;
         }
+        return retval;
     }
 
     /** Get wrapped FILE* with transfer of ownership.
diff --git a/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp b/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp
index b8f5a2b4b9f0..b1a334a5d4f3 100644
--- a/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(coinstatsindex_initial_sync, TestChain100Setup)
 // make sure index is not corrupted and is able to reload.
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(coinstatsindex_unclean_shutdown, TestChain100Setup)
 {
-    CChainState& chainstate = Assert(m_node.chainman)->ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& chainstate = Assert(m_node.chainman)->ActiveChainstate();
     const CChainParams& params = Params();
     {
         CoinStatsIndex index{1 << 20};
diff --git a/src/test/fuzz/mempool_utils.h b/src/test/fuzz/mempool_utils.h
index bfe12e30ba01..c172e8c4b7d0 100644
--- a/src/test/fuzz/mempool_utils.h
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/mempool_utils.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <validation.h>
 
-class DummyChainState final : public CChainState
+class DummyChainState final : public Chainstate
 {
 public:
     void SetMempool(CTxMemPool* mempool)
diff --git a/src/test/fuzz/tx_pool.cpp b/src/test/fuzz/tx_pool.cpp
index de1c7d1db8f4..1c48b56d1d4e 100644
--- a/src/test/fuzz/tx_pool.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/tx_pool.cpp
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void SetMempoolConstraints(ArgsManager& args, FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzed_data_pr
                      ToString(fuzzed_data_provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<unsigned>(0, 999)));
 }
 
-void Finish(FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzed_data_provider, MockedTxPool& tx_pool, const NodeContext& node, CChainState& chainstate)
+void Finish(FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzed_data_provider, MockedTxPool& tx_pool, const NodeContext& node, Chainstate& chainstate)
 {
     WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, tx_pool.check(chainstate.CoinsTip(), chainstate.m_chain.Height() + 1));
     {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void Finish(FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzed_data_provider, MockedTxPool& tx_pool, con
     SyncWithValidationInterfaceQueue();
 }
 
-void MockTime(FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzed_data_provider, const CChainState& chainstate)
+void MockTime(FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzed_data_provider, const Chainstate& chainstate)
 {
     const auto time = ConsumeTime(fuzzed_data_provider,
                                   chainstate.m_chain.Tip()->GetMedianTimePast() + 1,
diff --git a/src/test/net_tests.cpp b/src/test/net_tests.cpp
index 47519d8539ce..e8d75346ec5f 100644
--- a/src/test/net_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/net_tests.cpp
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(initial_advertise_from_version_message)
     const int64_t time{0};
     const CNetMsgMaker msg_maker{PROTOCOL_VERSION};
 
-    // Force CChainState::IsInitialBlockDownload() to return false.
+    // Force Chainstate::IsInitialBlockDownload() to return false.
     // Otherwise PushAddress() isn't called by PeerManager::ProcessMessage().
     TestChainState& chainstate =
         *static_cast<TestChainState*>(&m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate());
diff --git a/src/test/util/chainstate.h b/src/test/util/chainstate.h
index 2f0021b11448..0591b5274edb 100644
--- a/src/test/util/chainstate.h
+++ b/src/test/util/chainstate.h
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <node/context.h>
 #include <node/utxo_snapshot.h>
 #include <rpc/blockchain.h>
+#include <test/util/setup_common.h>
 #include <validation.h>
 
 #include <univalue.h>
@@ -20,11 +21,24 @@ const auto NoMalleation = [](AutoFile& file, node::SnapshotMetadata& meta){};
 /**
  * Create and activate a UTXO snapshot, optionally providing a function to
  * malleate the snapshot.
+ *
+ * If `reset_chainstate` is true, reset the original chainstate back to the genesis
+ * block. This allows us to simulate more realistic conditions in which a snapshot is
+ * loaded into an otherwise mostly-uninitialized datadir. It also allows us to test
+ * conditions that would otherwise cause shutdowns based on the IBD chainstate going
+ * past the snapshot it generated.
  */
 template<typename F = decltype(NoMalleation)>
 static bool
-CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(node::NodeContext& node, const fs::path root, F malleation = NoMalleation)
+CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
+    TestingSetup* fixture,
+    F malleation = NoMalleation,
+    bool reset_chainstate = false,
+    bool in_memory_chainstate = false)
 {
+    node::NodeContext& node = fixture->m_node;
+    fs::path root = fixture->m_path_root;
+
     // Write out a snapshot to the test's tempdir.
     //
     int height;
@@ -47,7 +61,39 @@ CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(node::NodeContext& node, const fs::path root, F ma
 
     malleation(auto_infile, metadata);
 
-    return node.chainman->ActivateSnapshot(auto_infile, metadata, /*in_memory=*/true);
+    if (reset_chainstate) {
+        {
+            // What follows is code to selectively reset chainstate data without
+            // disturbing the existing BlockManager instance, which is needed to
+            // recognize the headers chain previously generated by the chainstate we're
+            // removing. Without those headers, we can't activate the snapshot below.
+            //
+            // This is a stripped-down version of node::LoadChainstate which
+            // preserves the block index.
+            LOCK(::cs_main);
+            uint256 gen_hash = node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().m_chain[0]->GetBlockHash();
+            node.chainman->ResetChainstates();
+            node.chainman->InitializeChainstate(
+                node.mempool.get(), *Assert(node.evodb), node.chain_helper);
+            Chainstate& chain = node.chainman->ActiveChainstate();
+            Assert(chain.LoadGenesisBlock());
+            // These cache values will be corrected shortly in `MaybeRebalanceCaches`.
+            chain.InitCoinsDB(1 << 20, true, false, "");
+            chain.InitCoinsCache(1 << 20);
+            chain.CoinsTip().SetBestBlock(gen_hash);
+            chain.setBlockIndexCandidates.insert(node.chainman->m_blockman.LookupBlockIndex(gen_hash));
+            chain.LoadChainTip();
+            node.chainman->MaybeRebalanceCaches();
+        }
+        BlockValidationState state;
+        if (!node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().ActivateBestChain(state)) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(strprintf("ActivateBestChain failed. (%s)", state.ToString()));
+        }
+        Assert(
+            0 == WITH_LOCK(node.chainman->GetMutex(), return node.chainman->ActiveHeight()));
+    }
+
+    return node.chainman->ActivateSnapshot(auto_infile, metadata, in_memory_chainstate);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp b/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
index 895358f6507d..957c494dfcc1 100644
--- a/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
+++ b/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
@@ -322,8 +322,23 @@ ChainTestingSetup::~ChainTestingSetup()
 void ChainTestingSetup::LoadVerifyActivateChainstate()
 {
     auto& chainman{*Assert(m_node.chainman)};
-    auto maybe_load_error = LoadChainstate(fReindex.load(),
-                                           chainman,
+    node::ChainstateLoadOptions options;
+    options.mempool = Assert(m_node.mempool.get());
+    options.block_tree_db_in_memory = m_block_tree_db_in_memory;
+    options.coins_db_in_memory = m_coins_db_in_memory;
+    options.dash_dbs_in_memory = true;
+    options.reindex = node::fReindex;
+    options.reindex_chainstate = m_args.GetBoolArg("-reindex-chainstate", false);
+    options.prune = node::fPruneMode;
+    options.bls_threads = llmq::DEFAULT_BLSCHECK_THREADS;
+    options.worker_count = llmq::DEFAULT_WORKER_COUNT;
+    options.max_recsigs_age = llmq::DEFAULT_MAX_RECOVERED_SIGS_AGE;
+    options.check_blocks = m_args.GetIntArg("-checkblocks", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS);
+    options.check_level = m_args.GetIntArg("-checklevel", DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL);
+    options.notify_bls_state = [](bool bls_state) {
+        LogPrintf("%s: bls_legacy_scheme=%d\n", __func__, bls_state);
+    };
+    auto [status, error] = LoadChainstate(chainman,
                                            *Assert(m_node.mn_metaman.get()),
                                            *Assert(m_node.sporkman.get()),
                                            *Assert(m_node.chainlocks.get()),
@@ -332,34 +347,18 @@ void ChainTestingSetup::LoadVerifyActivateChainstate()
                                            m_node.dmnman,
                                            m_node.evodb,
                                            m_node.llmq_ctx,
-                                           Assert(m_node.mempool.get()),
                                            Assert(m_node.args)->GetDataDirNet(),
-                                           fPruneMode,
-                                           m_args.GetBoolArg("-reindex-chainstate", false),
-                                           m_cache_sizes.block_tree_db,
-                                           m_cache_sizes.coins_db,
-                                           m_cache_sizes.coins,
-                                           m_block_tree_db_in_memory,
-                                           m_coins_db_in_memory,
-                                           /*dash_dbs_in_memory=*/true,
-                                           llmq::DEFAULT_BLSCHECK_THREADS,
-                                           llmq::DEFAULT_WORKER_COUNT,
-                                           llmq::DEFAULT_MAX_RECOVERED_SIGS_AGE);
-    assert(!maybe_load_error.has_value());
+                                           m_cache_sizes,
+                                           options);
+    assert(status == node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS);
 
     m_node.govman = std::make_unique<CGovernanceManager>(*m_node.mn_metaman, *m_node.chainman, *m_node.chain_helper->superblocks, *m_node.dmnman, *m_node.mn_sync);
 
-    auto maybe_verify_error = VerifyLoadedChainstate(
+    std::tie(status, error) = VerifyLoadedChainstate(
         chainman,
         *Assert(m_node.evodb.get()),
-        fReindex.load(),
-        m_args.GetBoolArg("-reindex-chainstate", false),
-        m_args.GetIntArg("-checkblocks", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS),
-        m_args.GetIntArg("-checklevel", DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL),
-        [](bool bls_state) {
-            LogPrintf("%s: bls_legacy_scheme=%d\n", __func__, bls_state);
-        });
-    assert(!maybe_verify_error.has_value());
+        options);
+    assert(status == node::ChainstateLoadStatus::SUCCESS);
 
     BlockValidationState state;
     if (!chainman.ActiveChainstate().ActivateBestChain(state)) {
@@ -442,13 +441,22 @@ TestingSetup::~TestingSetup()
     DashChainstateSetupClose(m_node);
 }
 
-TestChain100Setup::TestChain100Setup(const std::string& chain_name, const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args)
-    : TestChainSetup{100, chain_name, extra_args}
+TestChain100Setup::TestChain100Setup(
+        const std::string& chain_name,
+        const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args,
+        const bool coins_db_in_memory,
+        const bool block_tree_db_in_memory)
+    : TestChainSetup{100, chain_name, extra_args, coins_db_in_memory, block_tree_db_in_memory}
 {
 }
 
-TestChainSetup::TestChainSetup(int num_blocks, const std::string& chain_name, const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args)
-    : TestingSetup{chain_name, extra_args}
+TestChainSetup::TestChainSetup(
+        int num_blocks,
+        const std::string& chain_name,
+        const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args,
+        const bool coins_db_in_memory,
+        const bool block_tree_db_in_memory)
+    : TestingSetup{chain_name, extra_args, coins_db_in_memory, block_tree_db_in_memory}
 {
     SetMockTime(1598887952);
     constexpr std::array<unsigned char, 32> vchKey = {
@@ -509,7 +517,7 @@ void TestChainSetup::mineBlocks(int num_blocks)
 CBlock TestChainSetup::CreateAndProcessBlock(
     const std::vector<CMutableTransaction>& txns,
     const CScript& scriptPubKey,
-    CChainState* chainstate)
+    Chainstate* chainstate)
 {
     if (!chainstate) {
         chainstate = &Assert(m_node.chainman)->ActiveChainstate();
@@ -525,7 +533,7 @@ CBlock TestChainSetup::CreateAndProcessBlock(
 CBlock TestChainSetup::CreateBlock(
     const std::vector<CMutableTransaction>& txns,
     const CScript& scriptPubKey,
-    CChainState& chainstate)
+    Chainstate& chainstate)
 {
     CBlock block = BlockAssembler(chainstate, m_node, nullptr).CreateNewBlock(scriptPubKey)->block;
 
diff --git a/src/test/util/setup_common.h b/src/test/util/setup_common.h
index cf7c381b87a3..8001b84248df 100644
--- a/src/test/util/setup_common.h
+++ b/src/test/util/setup_common.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace Consensus {
 struct Params;
 };
 
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 
 /** This is connected to the logger. Can be used to redirect logs to any other log */
 extern const std::function<void(const std::string&)> G_TEST_LOG_FUN;
@@ -145,7 +145,9 @@ struct TestChainSetup : public TestingSetup
 {
     TestChainSetup(int num_blocks,
                    const std::string& chain_name = CBaseChainParams::REGTEST,
-                   const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args = {});
+                   const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args = {},
+                   const bool coins_db_in_memory = true,
+                   const bool block_tree_db_in_memory = true);
     ~TestChainSetup();
 
     /**
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ struct TestChainSetup : public TestingSetup
      */
     CBlock CreateAndProcessBlock(const std::vector<CMutableTransaction>& txns,
                                  const CScript& scriptPubKey,
-                                 CChainState* chainstate = nullptr);
+                                 Chainstate* chainstate = nullptr);
 
     /**
      * Create a new block with just given transactions, coinbase paying to
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ struct TestChainSetup : public TestingSetup
      */
     CBlock CreateBlock(const std::vector<CMutableTransaction>& txns,
                        const CScript& scriptPubKey,
-                       CChainState& chainstate);
+                       Chainstate& chainstate);
 
     //! Mine a series of new blocks on the active chain.
     void mineBlocks(int num_blocks);
@@ -219,8 +221,11 @@ struct TestChainSetup : public TestingSetup
  * Testing fixture that pre-creates a 100-block REGTEST-mode block chain
  */
 struct TestChain100Setup : public TestChainSetup {
-    TestChain100Setup(const std::string& chain_name = CBaseChainParams::REGTEST,
-                      const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args = {});
+    TestChain100Setup(
+        const std::string& chain_name = CBaseChainParams::REGTEST,
+        const std::vector<const char*>& extra_args = {},
+        const bool coins_db_in_memory = true,
+        const bool block_tree_db_in_memory = true);
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/test/util/validation.h b/src/test/util/validation.h
index b0bc717b6c22..cbe7745b81e4 100644
--- a/src/test/util/validation.h
+++ b/src/test/util/validation.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 class CValidationInterface;
 
-struct TestChainState : public CChainState {
+struct TestChainState : public Chainstate {
     /** Reset the ibd cache to its initial state */
     void ResetIbd();
     /** Toggle IsInitialBlockDownload from true to false */
diff --git a/src/test/validation_chainstate_tests.cpp b/src/test/validation_chainstate_tests.cpp
index e94e435a460f..e7ebfe4e1e83 100644
--- a/src/test/validation_chainstate_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/validation_chainstate_tests.cpp
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@
 
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(validation_chainstate_tests, ChainTestingSetup)
 
-//! Test resizing coins-related CChainState caches during runtime.
+//! Test resizing coins-related Chainstate caches during runtime.
 //!
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(validation_chainstate_resize_caches)
 {
     ChainstateManager& manager = *Assert(m_node.chainman);
     CTxMemPool& mempool = *Assert(m_node.mempool);
-    CChainState& c1 = WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, *m_node.evodb, m_node.chain_helper));
+    Chainstate& c1 = WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, *m_node.evodb, m_node.chain_helper));
     c1.InitCoinsDB(
         /*cache_size_bytes=*/1 << 23, /*in_memory=*/true, /*should_wipe=*/false);
     WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, c1.InitCoinsCache(1 << 23));
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstate_update_tip, TestChain100Setup)
     // After adding some blocks to the tip, best block should have changed.
     BOOST_CHECK(::g_best_block != curr_tip);
 
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(m_node, m_path_root));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
+        this, NoMalleation, /*reset_chainstate=*/ true));
 
     // Ensure our active chain is the snapshot chainstate.
     BOOST_CHECK(WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return chainman.IsSnapshotActive()));
@@ -96,8 +97,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstate_update_tip, TestChain100Setup)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chainman.GetAll().size(), 2);
 
-    CChainState& background_cs{*[&] {
-        for (CChainState* cs : chainman.GetAll()) {
+    Chainstate& background_cs{*[&] {
+        for (Chainstate* cs : chainman.GetAll()) {
             if (cs != &chainman.ActiveChainstate()) {
                 return cs;
             }
diff --git a/src/test/validation_chainstatemanager_tests.cpp b/src/test/validation_chainstatemanager_tests.cpp
index 049bff77d60a..19298329f03d 100644
--- a/src/test/validation_chainstatemanager_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/validation_chainstatemanager_tests.cpp
@@ -11,14 +11,17 @@
 #include <rpc/blockchain.h>
 #include <sync.h>
 #include <test/util/chainstate.h>
+#include <test/util/index.h>
 #include <test/util/random.h>
 #include <test/util/setup_common.h>
+#include <timedata.h>
 #include <uint256.h>
 #include <validation.h>
 #include <validationinterface.h>
 
 #include <chainlock/handler.h>
 #include <evo/evodb.h>
+#include <governance/governance.h>
 #include <llmq/blockprocessor.h>
 #include <llmq/signing.h>
 
@@ -40,13 +43,13 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager)
     ChainstateManager& manager = *m_node.chainman;
     CTxMemPool& mempool = *m_node.mempool;
     CEvoDB& evodb = *m_node.evodb;
-    std::vector<CChainState*> chainstates;
+    std::vector<Chainstate*> chainstates;
 
     BOOST_CHECK(!manager.SnapshotBlockhash().has_value());
 
     // Create a legacy (IBD) chainstate.
     //
-    CChainState& c1 = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, evodb, m_node.chain_helper));
+    Chainstate& c1 = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, evodb, m_node.chain_helper));
     chainstates.push_back(&c1);
     c1.InitCoinsDB(
         /*cache_size_bytes=*/1 << 23, /*in_memory=*/true, /*should_wipe=*/false);
@@ -78,10 +81,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager)
     // Create a snapshot-based chainstate.
     //
     const uint256 snapshot_blockhash = GetRandHash();
-    CChainState& c2 = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(
-        &mempool, evodb, m_node.chain_helper,
-        snapshot_blockhash)
-    );
+    Chainstate& c2 = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return manager.ActivateExistingSnapshot(
+        &mempool, snapshot_blockhash));
     chainstates.push_back(&c2);
 
     DashChainstateSetup(manager, m_node, /*llmq_dbs_in_memory=*/true, /*llmq_dbs_wipe=*/false);
@@ -135,11 +136,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_rebalance_caches)
     manager.m_total_coinsdb_cache = max_cache;
     manager.m_total_coinstip_cache = max_cache;
 
-    std::vector<CChainState*> chainstates;
+    std::vector<Chainstate*> chainstates;
 
     // Create a legacy (IBD) chainstate.
     //
-    CChainState& c1 = WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, evodb, m_node.chain_helper));
+    Chainstate& c1 = WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, evodb, m_node.chain_helper));
     chainstates.push_back(&c1);
     c1.InitCoinsDB(
         /*cache_size_bytes=*/1 << 23, /*in_memory=*/true, /*should_wipe=*/false);
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_rebalance_caches)
 
     // Create a snapshot-based chainstate.
     //
-    CChainState& c2 = WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return manager.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, evodb, m_node.chain_helper, GetRandHash()));
+    Chainstate& c2 = WITH_LOCK(cs_main, return manager.ActivateExistingSnapshot(&mempool, GetRandHash()));
     chainstates.push_back(&c2);
     c2.InitCoinsDB(
         /*cache_size_bytes=*/1 << 23, /*in_memory=*/true, /*should_wipe=*/false);
@@ -178,162 +179,251 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_rebalance_caches)
     BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(c2.m_coinsdb_cache_size_bytes, max_cache * 0.95, 1);
 }
 
-//! Test basic snapshot activation.
-BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_activate_snapshot, TestChain100Setup)
-{
-    ChainstateManager& chainman = *Assert(m_node.chainman);
-
-    size_t initial_size;
-    size_t initial_total_coins{100};
-
-    // Make some initial assertions about the contents of the chainstate.
+struct SnapshotTestSetup : TestChain100Setup {
+    // Run with coinsdb on the filesystem to support, e.g., moving invalidated
+    // chainstate dirs to "*_invalid".
+    //
+    // Note that this means the tests run considerably slower than in-memory DB
+    // tests, but we can't otherwise test this functionality since it relies on
+    // destructive filesystem operations.
+    SnapshotTestSetup() : TestChain100Setup{
+                              CBaseChainParams::REGTEST,
+                              {},
+                              /*coins_db_in_memory=*/false,
+                              /*block_tree_db_in_memory=*/false,
+                          }
     {
-        LOCK(::cs_main);
-        CCoinsViewCache& ibd_coinscache = chainman.ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip();
-        initial_size = ibd_coinscache.GetCacheSize();
-        size_t total_coins{0};
-
-        for (CTransactionRef& txn : m_coinbase_txns) {
-            COutPoint op{txn->GetHash(), 0};
-            BOOST_CHECK(ibd_coinscache.HaveCoin(op));
-            total_coins++;
-        }
-
-        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(total_coins, initial_total_coins);
-        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(initial_size, initial_total_coins);
     }
 
-    // Snapshot should refuse to load at this height.
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(m_node, m_path_root));
-    BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash);
-    BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
-
-    // Mine 10 more blocks, putting at us height 110 where a valid assumeutxo value can
-    // be found.
-    constexpr int snapshot_height = 110;
-    mineBlocks(10);
-    initial_size += 10;
-    initial_total_coins += 10;
-
-    // Should not load malleated snapshots
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
-        m_node, m_path_root, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
-            // A UTXO is missing but count is correct
-            metadata.m_coins_count -= 1;
-
-            COutPoint outpoint;
-            Coin coin;
-
-            auto_infile >> outpoint;
-            auto_infile >> coin;
-    }));
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
-        m_node, m_path_root, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
-            // Coins count is larger than coins in file
-            metadata.m_coins_count += 1;
-    }));
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
-        m_node, m_path_root, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
-            // Coins count is smaller than coins in file
-            metadata.m_coins_count -= 1;
-    }));
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
-        m_node, m_path_root, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
-            // Wrong hash
-            metadata.m_base_blockhash = uint256::ZERO;
-    }));
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
-        m_node, m_path_root, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
-            // Wrong hash
-            metadata.m_base_blockhash = uint256::ONE;
-    }));
-
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(m_node, m_path_root));
-
-    // Ensure our active chain is the snapshot chainstate.
-    BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash->IsNull());
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
-        *chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash,
-        *chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
-
-    // Ensure that the genesis block was not marked assumed-valid.
-    BOOST_CHECK(WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return !chainman.ActiveChain().Genesis()->IsAssumedValid()));
-
-    const AssumeutxoData& au_data = *ExpectedAssumeutxo(snapshot_height, ::Params());
-    const CBlockIndex* tip = WITH_LOCK(chainman.GetMutex(), return chainman.ActiveTip());
-
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(tip->nChainTx, au_data.nChainTx);
-
-    // To be checked against later when we try loading a subsequent snapshot.
-    uint256 loaded_snapshot_blockhash{*chainman.SnapshotBlockhash()};
-
-    // Make some assertions about the both chainstates. These checks ensure the
-    // legacy chainstate hasn't changed and that the newly created chainstate
-    // reflects the expected content.
+    std::tuple<Chainstate*, Chainstate*> SetupSnapshot()
     {
-        LOCK(::cs_main);
-        int chains_tested{0};
+        ChainstateManager& chainman = *Assert(m_node.chainman);
 
-        for (CChainState* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
-            BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE("Checking coins in " << chainstate->ToString());
-            CCoinsViewCache& coinscache = chainstate->CoinsTip();
+        BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.IsSnapshotActive());
 
-            // Both caches will be empty initially.
-            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((unsigned int)0, coinscache.GetCacheSize());
+        {
+            LOCK(::cs_main);
+            BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.IsSnapshotValidated());
+            BOOST_CHECK(!node::FindSnapshotChainstateDir());
+        }
 
+        size_t initial_size;
+        size_t initial_total_coins{100};
+
+        // Make some initial assertions about the contents of the chainstate.
+        {
+            LOCK(::cs_main);
+            CCoinsViewCache& ibd_coinscache = chainman.ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip();
+            initial_size = ibd_coinscache.GetCacheSize();
             size_t total_coins{0};
 
             for (CTransactionRef& txn : m_coinbase_txns) {
                 COutPoint op{txn->GetHash(), 0};
-                BOOST_CHECK(coinscache.HaveCoin(op));
+                BOOST_CHECK(ibd_coinscache.HaveCoin(op));
                 total_coins++;
             }
 
-            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(initial_size , coinscache.GetCacheSize());
             BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(total_coins, initial_total_coins);
-            chains_tested++;
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(initial_size, initial_total_coins);
         }
 
-        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chains_tested, 2);
-    }
+        Chainstate& validation_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+
+        // Snapshot should refuse to load at this height.
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(this));
+        BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash);
+        BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
+
+        // Mine 10 more blocks, putting at us height 110 where a valid assumeutxo value can
+        // be found.
+        constexpr int snapshot_height = 110;
+        mineBlocks(10);
+        initial_size += 10;
+        initial_total_coins += 10;
+
+        // Should not load malleated snapshots
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
+            this, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
+                // A UTXO is missing but count is correct
+                metadata.m_coins_count -= 1;
+
+                COutPoint outpoint;
+                Coin coin;
+
+                auto_infile >> outpoint;
+                auto_infile >> coin;
+        }));
+
+        BOOST_CHECK(!node::FindSnapshotChainstateDir());
+
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
+            this, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
+                // Coins count is larger than coins in file
+                metadata.m_coins_count += 1;
+        }));
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
+            this, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
+                // Coins count is smaller than coins in file
+                metadata.m_coins_count -= 1;
+        }));
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
+            this, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
+                // Wrong hash
+                metadata.m_base_blockhash = uint256::ZERO;
+        }));
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(
+            this, [](AutoFile& auto_infile, SnapshotMetadata& metadata) {
+                // Wrong hash
+                metadata.m_base_blockhash = uint256::ONE;
+        }));
+
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(this));
+        BOOST_CHECK(fs::exists(*node::FindSnapshotChainstateDir()));
+
+        // Ensure our active chain is the snapshot chainstate.
+        BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash->IsNull());
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
+            *chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash,
+            *chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
+
+        Chainstate& snapshot_chainstate = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+
+        {
+            LOCK(::cs_main);
 
-    // Mine some new blocks on top of the activated snapshot chainstate.
-    constexpr size_t new_coins{100};
-    mineBlocks(new_coins);  // Defined in TestChain100Setup.
+            fs::path found = *node::FindSnapshotChainstateDir();
 
-    {
-        LOCK(::cs_main);
-        size_t coins_in_active{0};
-        size_t coins_in_background{0};
-        size_t coins_missing_from_background{0};
+            // Note: WriteSnapshotBaseBlockhash() is implicitly tested above.
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
+                *node::ReadSnapshotBaseBlockhash(found),
+                *chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
 
-        for (CChainState* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
-            BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE("Checking coins in " << chainstate->ToString());
-            CCoinsViewCache& coinscache = chainstate->CoinsTip();
-            bool is_background = chainstate != &chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+            // Ensure that the genesis block was not marked assumed-valid.
+            BOOST_CHECK(!chainman.ActiveChain().Genesis()->IsAssumedValid());
+        }
 
-            for (CTransactionRef& txn : m_coinbase_txns) {
-                COutPoint op{txn->GetHash(), 0};
-                if (coinscache.HaveCoin(op)) {
-                    (is_background ? coins_in_background : coins_in_active)++;
-                } else if (is_background) {
-                    coins_missing_from_background++;
+        const AssumeutxoData& au_data = *ExpectedAssumeutxo(snapshot_height, ::Params());
+        const CBlockIndex* tip = WITH_LOCK(chainman.GetMutex(), return chainman.ActiveTip());
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(tip->nChainTx, au_data.nChainTx);
+
+        // To be checked against later when we try loading a subsequent snapshot.
+        uint256 loaded_snapshot_blockhash{*chainman.SnapshotBlockhash()};
+
+        // Make some assertions about the both chainstates. These checks ensure the
+        // legacy chainstate hasn't changed and that the newly created chainstate
+        // reflects the expected content.
+        {
+            LOCK(::cs_main);
+            int chains_tested{0};
+
+            for (Chainstate* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
+                BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE("Checking coins in " << chainstate->ToString());
+                CCoinsViewCache& coinscache = chainstate->CoinsTip();
+
+                // Both caches will be empty initially.
+                BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((unsigned int)0, coinscache.GetCacheSize());
+
+                size_t total_coins{0};
+
+                for (CTransactionRef& txn : m_coinbase_txns) {
+                    COutPoint op{txn->GetHash(), 0};
+                    BOOST_CHECK(coinscache.HaveCoin(op));
+                    total_coins++;
                 }
+
+                BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(initial_size , coinscache.GetCacheSize());
+                BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(total_coins, initial_total_coins);
+                chains_tested++;
             }
+
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chains_tested, 2);
         }
 
-        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(coins_in_active, initial_total_coins + new_coins);
-        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(coins_in_background, initial_total_coins);
-        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(coins_missing_from_background, new_coins);
+        // Mine some new blocks on top of the activated snapshot chainstate.
+        constexpr size_t new_coins{100};
+        mineBlocks(new_coins);  // Defined in TestChain100Setup.
+
+        {
+            LOCK(::cs_main);
+            size_t coins_in_active{0};
+            size_t coins_in_background{0};
+            size_t coins_missing_from_background{0};
+
+            for (Chainstate* chainstate : chainman.GetAll()) {
+                BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE("Checking coins in " << chainstate->ToString());
+                CCoinsViewCache& coinscache = chainstate->CoinsTip();
+                bool is_background = chainstate != &chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+
+                for (CTransactionRef& txn : m_coinbase_txns) {
+                    COutPoint op{txn->GetHash(), 0};
+                    if (coinscache.HaveCoin(op)) {
+                        (is_background ? coins_in_background : coins_in_active)++;
+                    } else if (is_background) {
+                        coins_missing_from_background++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(coins_in_active, initial_total_coins + new_coins);
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(coins_in_background, initial_total_coins);
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(coins_missing_from_background, new_coins);
+        }
+
+        // Snapshot should refuse to load after one has already loaded.
+        BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(this));
+
+        // Snapshot blockhash should be unchanged.
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
+            *chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash,
+            loaded_snapshot_blockhash);
+        return std::make_tuple(&validation_chainstate, &snapshot_chainstate);
     }
 
-    // Snapshot should refuse to load after one has already loaded.
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(!CreateAndActivateUTXOSnapshot(m_node, m_path_root));
+    // Simulate a restart of the node by flushing all state to disk, clearing the
+    // existing ChainstateManager, and unloading the block index.
+    //
+    // @returns a reference to the "restarted" ChainstateManager
+    ChainstateManager& SimulateNodeRestart()
+    {
+        ChainstateManager& chainman = *Assert(m_node.chainman);
+
+        BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE("Simulating node restart");
+        // TestChainSetup owns a txindex connected to the old chainstate. Stop it
+        // before destroying that chainstate, just as TestChainSetup's destructor does.
+        IndexWaitSynced(*g_txindex);
+        g_txindex->Interrupt();
+        g_txindex->Stop();
+        SyncWithValidationInterfaceQueue();
+        g_txindex.reset();
+        {
+            LOCK(::cs_main);
+            for (Chainstate* cs : chainman.GetAll()) {
+                cs->ForceFlushStateToDisk();
+            }
+            // Tear down Dash managers connected to the mempool and old chainstate
+            // before LoadVerifyActivateChainstate() recreates them below.
+            m_node.govman.reset();
+            DashChainstateSetupClose(m_node);
+            chainman.ResetChainstates();
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chainman.GetAll().size(), 0);
+            const ChainstateManager::Options chainman_opts{
+                .chainparams = ::Params(),
+                .adjusted_time_callback = GetAdjustedTime,
+            };
+            // For robustness, ensure the old manager is destroyed before creating a
+            // new one.
+            m_node.chainman.reset();
+            m_node.chainman.reset(new ChainstateManager(chainman_opts));
+        }
+        return *Assert(m_node.chainman);
+    }
+};
 
-    // Snapshot blockhash should be unchanged.
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
-        *chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash,
-        loaded_snapshot_blockhash);
+//! Test basic snapshot activation.
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_activate_snapshot, SnapshotTestSetup)
+{
+    this->SetupSnapshot();
 }
 
 //! Test LoadBlockIndex behavior when multiple chainstates are in use.
@@ -350,7 +440,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_loadblockindex, TestChain100Setup)
 {
     ChainstateManager& chainman = *Assert(m_node.chainman);
     CTxMemPool& mempool = *m_node.mempool;
-    CChainState& cs1 = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& cs1 = chainman.ActiveChainstate();
 
     int num_indexes{0};
     int num_assumed_valid{0};
@@ -362,7 +452,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_loadblockindex, TestChain100Setup)
     CBlockIndex* assumed_tip{WITH_LOCK(chainman.GetMutex(), return chainman.ActiveChain().Tip())};
 
     auto reload_all_block_indexes = [&]() {
-        for (CChainState* cs : chainman.GetAll()) {
+        for (Chainstate* cs : chainman.GetAll()) {
             LOCK(::cs_main);
             cs->UnloadBlockIndex();
             BOOST_CHECK(cs->setBlockIndexCandidates.empty());
@@ -397,8 +487,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_loadblockindex, TestChain100Setup)
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(expected_assumed_valid, num_assumed_valid);
 
-    CChainState& cs2 = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main,
-        return chainman.InitializeChainstate(&mempool, *m_node.evodb, m_node.chain_helper, GetRandHash()));
+    Chainstate& cs2 = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main,
+        return chainman.ActivateExistingSnapshot(&mempool, GetRandHash()));
 
     reload_all_block_indexes();
 
@@ -414,4 +504,65 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_loadblockindex, TestChain100Setup)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cs2.setBlockIndexCandidates.size(), num_indexes);
 }
 
+//! Ensure that snapshot chainstates initialize properly when found on disk.
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(chainstatemanager_snapshot_init, SnapshotTestSetup)
+{
+    this->SetupSnapshot();
+
+    ChainstateManager& chainman = *Assert(m_node.chainman);
+
+    fs::path snapshot_chainstate_dir = *node::FindSnapshotChainstateDir();
+    BOOST_CHECK(fs::exists(snapshot_chainstate_dir));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(snapshot_chainstate_dir, gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "chainstate_snapshot");
+
+    BOOST_CHECK(chainman.IsSnapshotActive());
+    const uint256 snapshot_tip_hash = WITH_LOCK(chainman.GetMutex(),
+        return chainman.ActiveTip()->GetBlockHash());
+
+    auto all_chainstates = chainman.GetAll();
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(all_chainstates.size(), 2);
+
+    // Test that simulating a shutdown (resetting ChainstateManager) and then performing
+    // chainstate reinitializing successfully cleans up the background-validation
+    // chainstate data, and we end up with a single chainstate that is at tip.
+    ChainstateManager& chainman_restarted = this->SimulateNodeRestart();
+
+    BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE("Performing Load/Verify/Activate of chainstate");
+
+    // This call reinitializes the chainstates.
+    this->LoadVerifyActivateChainstate();
+
+    // Restore the txindex normally owned by TestChainSetup so subsequent block
+    // generation and fixture teardown use the restarted chainstate.
+    g_txindex = std::make_unique<TxIndex>(1 << 20, /*memory=*/true);
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(g_txindex->Start(chainman_restarted.ActiveChainstate()));
+    IndexWaitSynced(*g_txindex);
+
+    {
+        LOCK(chainman_restarted.GetMutex());
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chainman_restarted.GetAll().size(), 2);
+        BOOST_CHECK(chainman_restarted.IsSnapshotActive());
+        BOOST_CHECK(!chainman_restarted.IsSnapshotValidated());
+
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chainman_restarted.ActiveTip()->GetBlockHash(), snapshot_tip_hash);
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chainman_restarted.ActiveHeight(), 210);
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE(
+        "Ensure we can mine blocks on top of the initialized snapshot chainstate");
+    mineBlocks(10);
+    {
+        LOCK(chainman_restarted.GetMutex());
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(chainman_restarted.ActiveHeight(), 220);
+
+        // Background chainstate should be unaware of new blocks on the snapshot
+        // chainstate.
+        for (Chainstate* cs : chainman_restarted.GetAll()) {
+            if (cs != &chainman_restarted.ActiveChainstate()) {
+                BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cs->m_chain.Height(), 110);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
diff --git a/src/test/validation_flush_tests.cpp b/src/test/validation_flush_tests.cpp
index 4f87981ad8e2..ec4b8a6ff24f 100644
--- a/src/test/validation_flush_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/validation_flush_tests.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(validation_flush_tests, TestingSetup)
 //! Test utilities for detecting when we need to flush the coins cache based
 //! on estimated memory usage.
 //!
-//! @sa CChainState::GetCoinsCacheSizeState()
+//! @sa Chainstate::GetCoinsCacheSizeState()
 //!
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getcoinscachesizestate)
 {
-    CChainState& chainstate{m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate()};
+    Chainstate& chainstate{m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate()};
 
     constexpr bool is_64_bit = sizeof(void*) == 8;
 
diff --git a/src/txdb.h b/src/txdb.h
index e7321639b7cd..dbe97bd06f33 100644
--- a/src/txdb.h
+++ b/src/txdb.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <coins.h>
 #include <dbwrapper.h>
 #include <sync.h>
+#include <fs.h>
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
@@ -74,6 +75,9 @@ class CCoinsViewDB final : public CCoinsView
 
     //! Dynamically alter the underlying leveldb cache size.
     void ResizeCache(size_t new_cache_size) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
+
+    //! @returns filesystem path to on-disk storage or std::nullopt if in memory.
+    std::optional<fs::path> StoragePath() { return m_db->StoragePath(); }
 };
 
 /** Access to the block database (blocks/index/) */
diff --git a/src/txmempool.h b/src/txmempool.h
index ff486f96935c..e785f025bd39 100644
--- a/src/txmempool.h
+++ b/src/txmempool.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 
 class CBlockIndex;
 class CChain;
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 extern RecursiveMutex cs_main; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-declaration)
 
 // Forward declaration for CBLSLazyPublicKey:
diff --git a/src/validation.cpp b/src/validation.cpp
index 443090ec911b..b2660c988057 100644
--- a/src/validation.cpp
+++ b/src/validation.cpp
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class ScopedBLSLegacyScheme
 
 } // namespace
 
-const CBlockIndex* CChainState::FindForkInGlobalIndex(const CBlockLocator& locator) const
+const CBlockIndex* Chainstate::FindForkInGlobalIndex(const CBlockLocator& locator) const
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ bool CheckSequenceLocksAtTip(CBlockIndex* tip,
     return EvaluateSequenceLocks(index, {lock_points.height, lock_points.time});
 }
 
-bool GetUTXOCoin(CChainState& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint, Coin& coin)
+bool GetUTXOCoin(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint, Coin& coin)
 {
     LOCK(cs_main);
     if (!active_chainstate.CoinsTip().GetCoin(outpoint, coin))
@@ -330,14 +330,14 @@ bool GetUTXOCoin(CChainState& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint, Coin
     return true;
 }
 
-int GetUTXOHeight(CChainState& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint)
+int GetUTXOHeight(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint)
 {
     // -1 means UTXO is yet unknown or already spent
     Coin coin;
     return GetUTXOCoin(active_chainstate, outpoint, coin) ? coin.nHeight : -1;
 }
 
-int GetUTXOConfirmations(CChainState& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint)
+int GetUTXOConfirmations(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint)
 {
     // -1 means UTXO is yet unknown or already spent
     LOCK(cs_main);
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ static void LimitMempoolSize(CTxMemPool& pool, CCoinsViewCache& coins_cache)
         coins_cache.Uncache(removed);
 }
 
-static bool IsCurrentForFeeEstimation(CChainState& active_chainstate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main)
+static bool IsCurrentForFeeEstimation(Chainstate& active_chainstate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     if (active_chainstate.IsInitialBlockDownload())
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ static bool IsCurrentForFeeEstimation(CChainState& active_chainstate) EXCLUSIVE_
     return true;
 }
 
-void CChainState::MaybeUpdateMempoolForReorg(
+void Chainstate::MaybeUpdateMempoolForReorg(
     DisconnectedBlockTransactions& disconnectpool,
     bool fAddToMempool)
 {
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ namespace {
 class MemPoolAccept
 {
 public:
-    explicit MemPoolAccept(CTxMemPool& mempool, CChainState& active_chainstate) :
+    explicit MemPoolAccept(CTxMemPool& mempool, Chainstate& active_chainstate) :
         m_pool(mempool),
         m_view(&m_dummy),
         m_viewmempool(&active_chainstate.CoinsTip(), m_pool),
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ class MemPoolAccept
     CCoinsViewCache m_view;
     CCoinsViewMemPool m_viewmempool;
     CCoinsView m_dummy;
-    CChainState& m_active_chainstate;
+    Chainstate& m_active_chainstate;
     CChainstateHelper& m_chain_helper;
 
     // The package limits in effect at the time of invocation.
@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ PackageMempoolAcceptResult MemPoolAccept::AcceptPackage(const Package& package,
 
 } // anon namespace
 
-MempoolAcceptResult AcceptToMemoryPool(CChainState& active_chainstate, const CTransactionRef& tx,
+MempoolAcceptResult AcceptToMemoryPool(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const CTransactionRef& tx,
                                        int64_t accept_time, bool bypass_limits, bool test_accept)
     EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main)
 {
@@ -1452,7 +1452,7 @@ MempoolAcceptResult AcceptToMemoryPool(CChainState& active_chainstate, const CTr
     return result;
 }
 
-PackageMempoolAcceptResult ProcessNewPackage(CChainState& active_chainstate, CTxMemPool& pool,
+PackageMempoolAcceptResult ProcessNewPackage(Chainstate& active_chainstate, CTxMemPool& pool,
                                              const Package& package, bool test_accept)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
@@ -1605,7 +1605,7 @@ void CoinsViews::InitCache()
     m_cacheview = std::make_unique<CCoinsViewCache>(&m_catcherview);
 }
 
-CChainState::CChainState(CTxMemPool* mempool,
+Chainstate::Chainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool,
                          BlockManager& blockman,
                          ChainstateManager& chainman,
                          CEvoDB& evoDb,
@@ -1619,21 +1619,21 @@ CChainState::CChainState(CTxMemPool* mempool,
       m_chainman(chainman),
       m_from_snapshot_blockhash(from_snapshot_blockhash) {}
 
-void CChainState::InitCoinsDB(
+void Chainstate::InitCoinsDB(
     size_t cache_size_bytes,
     bool in_memory,
     bool should_wipe,
     fs::path leveldb_name)
 {
     if (m_from_snapshot_blockhash) {
-        leveldb_name += "_" + m_from_snapshot_blockhash->ToString();
+        leveldb_name += node::SNAPSHOT_CHAINSTATE_SUFFIX;
     }
 
     m_coins_views = std::make_unique<CoinsViews>(
         leveldb_name, cache_size_bytes, in_memory, should_wipe);
 }
 
-void CChainState::InitCoinsCache(size_t cache_size_bytes)
+void Chainstate::InitCoinsCache(size_t cache_size_bytes)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     assert(m_coins_views != nullptr);
@@ -1643,10 +1643,10 @@ void CChainState::InitCoinsCache(size_t cache_size_bytes)
 
 // Note that though this is marked const, we may end up modifying `m_cached_finished_ibd`, which
 // is a performance-related implementation detail. This function must be marked
-// `const` so that `CValidationInterface` clients (which are given a `const CChainState*`)
+// `const` so that `CValidationInterface` clients (which are given a `const Chainstate*`)
 // can call it.
 //
-bool CChainState::IsInitialBlockDownload() const
+bool Chainstate::IsInitialBlockDownload() const
 {
     // Optimization: pre-test latch before taking the lock.
     if (m_cached_finished_ibd.load(std::memory_order_relaxed))
@@ -1688,7 +1688,7 @@ static void AlertNotify(const std::string& strMessage)
 #endif
 }
 
-void CChainState::CheckForkWarningConditions()
+void Chainstate::CheckForkWarningConditions()
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
@@ -1707,7 +1707,7 @@ void CChainState::CheckForkWarningConditions()
 }
 
 // Called both upon regular invalid block discovery *and* InvalidateBlock
-void CChainState::InvalidChainFound(CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
+void Chainstate::InvalidChainFound(CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
@@ -1731,7 +1731,7 @@ void CChainState::InvalidChainFound(CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
     CheckForkWarningConditions();
 }
 
-void CChainState::ConflictingChainFound(CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
+void Chainstate::ConflictingChainFound(CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ void CChainState::ConflictingChainFound(CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
 
 // Same as InvalidChainFound, above, except not called directly from InvalidateBlock,
 // which does its own setBlockIndexCandidates manageent.
-void CChainState::InvalidBlockFound(CBlockIndex *pindex, const BlockValidationState &state)
+void Chainstate::InvalidBlockFound(CBlockIndex *pindex, const BlockValidationState &state)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
@@ -1953,7 +1953,7 @@ int ApplyTxInUndo(Coin&& undo, CCoinsViewCache& view, const COutPoint& out)
 
 /** Undo the effects of this block (with given index) on the UTXO set represented by coins.
  *  When FAILED is returned, view is left in an indeterminate state. */
-DisconnectResult CChainState::DisconnectBlock(const CBlock& block, const CBlockIndex* pindex, CCoinsViewCache& view)
+DisconnectResult Chainstate::DisconnectBlock(const CBlock& block, const CBlockIndex* pindex, CCoinsViewCache& view)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     assert(m_chain_helper);
@@ -2142,7 +2142,7 @@ static int64_t nBlocksTotal = 0;
 /** Apply the effects of this block (with given index) on the UTXO set represented by coins.
  *  Validity checks that depend on the UTXO set are also done; ConnectBlock()
  *  can fail if those validity checks fail (among other reasons). */
-bool CChainState::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex,
+bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex,
                                CCoinsViewCache& view, bool fJustCheck)
 {
     int64_t nTimeStart = GetTimeMicros();
@@ -2527,7 +2527,7 @@ bool CChainState::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
     return true;
 }
 
-CoinsCacheSizeState CChainState::GetCoinsCacheSizeState()
+CoinsCacheSizeState Chainstate::GetCoinsCacheSizeState()
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     return this->GetCoinsCacheSizeState(
@@ -2535,7 +2535,7 @@ CoinsCacheSizeState CChainState::GetCoinsCacheSizeState()
         m_mempool ? m_mempool->m_max_size_bytes : 0);
 }
 
-CoinsCacheSizeState CChainState::GetCoinsCacheSizeState(
+CoinsCacheSizeState Chainstate::GetCoinsCacheSizeState(
     size_t max_coins_cache_size_bytes,
     size_t max_mempool_size_bytes)
 {
@@ -2559,7 +2559,7 @@ CoinsCacheSizeState CChainState::GetCoinsCacheSizeState(
     return CoinsCacheSizeState::OK;
 }
 
-bool CChainState::FlushStateToDisk(
+bool Chainstate::FlushStateToDisk(
     BlockValidationState &state,
     FlushStateMode mode,
     int nManualPruneHeight)
@@ -2711,7 +2711,7 @@ bool CChainState::FlushStateToDisk(
     return true;
 }
 
-void CChainState::ForceFlushStateToDisk()
+void Chainstate::ForceFlushStateToDisk()
 {
     BlockValidationState state;
     if (!this->FlushStateToDisk(state, FlushStateMode::ALWAYS)) {
@@ -2719,7 +2719,7 @@ void CChainState::ForceFlushStateToDisk()
     }
 }
 
-void CChainState::PruneAndFlush()
+void Chainstate::PruneAndFlush()
 {
     BlockValidationState state;
     m_blockman.m_check_for_pruning = true;
@@ -2768,7 +2768,7 @@ static void UpdateTipLog(
         !warning_messages.empty() ? strprintf(" warning='%s'", warning_messages) : "");
 }
 
-void CChainState::UpdateTip(const CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
+void Chainstate::UpdateTip(const CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     const auto& coins_tip = this->CoinsTip();
@@ -2825,7 +2825,7 @@ void CChainState::UpdateTip(const CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
   * disconnectpool (note that the caller is responsible for mempool consistency
   * in any case).
   */
-bool CChainState::DisconnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, DisconnectedBlockTransactions* disconnectpool)
+bool Chainstate::DisconnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, DisconnectedBlockTransactions* disconnectpool)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     if (m_mempool) AssertLockHeld(m_mempool->cs);
@@ -2963,7 +2963,7 @@ class ConnectTrace {
  *
  * The block is added to connectTrace if connection succeeds.
  */
-bool CChainState::ConnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindexNew, const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& pblock, ConnectTrace& connectTrace, DisconnectedBlockTransactions& disconnectpool)
+bool Chainstate::ConnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindexNew, const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& pblock, ConnectTrace& connectTrace, DisconnectedBlockTransactions& disconnectpool)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     if (m_mempool) AssertLockHeld(m_mempool->cs);
@@ -3054,7 +3054,7 @@ bool CChainState::ConnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindexNew
  * Return the tip of the chain with the most work in it, that isn't
  * known to be invalid (it's however far from certain to be valid).
  */
-CBlockIndex* CChainState::FindMostWorkChain()
+CBlockIndex* Chainstate::FindMostWorkChain()
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     do {
@@ -3117,7 +3117,7 @@ CBlockIndex* CChainState::FindMostWorkChain()
 }
 
 /** Delete all entries in setBlockIndexCandidates that are worse than the current tip. */
-void CChainState::PruneBlockIndexCandidates() {
+void Chainstate::PruneBlockIndexCandidates() {
     // Note that we can't delete the current block itself, as we may need to return to it later in case a
     // reorganization to a better block fails.
     std::set<CBlockIndex*, CBlockIndexWorkComparator>::iterator it = setBlockIndexCandidates.begin();
@@ -3134,7 +3134,7 @@ void CChainState::PruneBlockIndexCandidates() {
  *
  * @returns true unless a system error occurred
  */
-bool CChainState::ActivateBestChainStep(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindexMostWork, const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& pblock, bool& fInvalidFound, ConnectTrace& connectTrace)
+bool Chainstate::ActivateBestChainStep(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindexMostWork, const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& pblock, bool& fInvalidFound, ConnectTrace& connectTrace)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     if (m_mempool) AssertLockHeld(m_mempool->cs);
@@ -3226,7 +3226,7 @@ static SynchronizationState GetSynchronizationState(bool init)
     return SynchronizationState::INIT_DOWNLOAD;
 }
 
-static bool NotifyHeaderTip(CChainState& chainstate) LOCKS_EXCLUDED(cs_main) {
+static bool NotifyHeaderTip(Chainstate& chainstate) LOCKS_EXCLUDED(cs_main) {
     bool fNotify = false;
     bool fInitialBlockDownload = false;
     static CBlockIndex* pindexHeaderOld = nullptr;
@@ -3257,7 +3257,7 @@ static void LimitValidationInterfaceQueue() LOCKS_EXCLUDED(cs_main) {
     }
 }
 
-bool CChainState::ActivateBestChain(BlockValidationState& state, std::shared_ptr<const CBlock> pblock)
+bool Chainstate::ActivateBestChain(BlockValidationState& state, std::shared_ptr<const CBlock> pblock)
 {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
 
@@ -3366,7 +3366,7 @@ bool CChainState::ActivateBestChain(BlockValidationState& state, std::shared_ptr
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CChainState::PreciousBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex)
+bool Chainstate::PreciousBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex)
 {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
     AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
@@ -3397,7 +3397,7 @@ bool CChainState::PreciousBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex
     return ActivateBestChain(state, std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>());
 }
 
-bool CChainState::InvalidateBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex)
+bool Chainstate::InvalidateBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex)
 {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
     AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
@@ -3553,7 +3553,7 @@ bool CChainState::InvalidateBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pind
     return true;
 }
 
-void CChainState::EnforceBlock(BlockValidationState& state, const CBlockIndex *pindex)
+void Chainstate::EnforceBlock(BlockValidationState& state, const CBlockIndex *pindex)
 {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
     AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
@@ -3570,11 +3570,11 @@ void CChainState::EnforceBlock(BlockValidationState& state, const CBlockIndex *p
                 continue;
             }
             if (!MarkConflictingBlock(state, jt->second)) {
-                LogPrintf("CChainState::%s -- MarkConflictingBlock failed: %s\n", __func__, state.ToString());
+                LogPrintf("Chainstate::%s -- MarkConflictingBlock failed: %s\n", __func__, state.ToString());
                 // This should not have happened and we are in a state were it's not safe to continue anymore
                 assert(false);
             }
-            LogPrintf("CChainState::%s -- marked block %s as conflicting\n",
+            LogPrintf("Chainstate::%s -- marked block %s as conflicting\n",
                       __func__, jt->second->GetBlockHash().ToString());
         }
         pindex_walk = pindex_walk->pprev;
@@ -3585,7 +3585,7 @@ void CChainState::EnforceBlock(BlockValidationState& state, const CBlockIndex *p
     }
 }
 
-bool CChainState::MarkConflictingBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex *pindex)
+bool Chainstate::MarkConflictingBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex *pindex)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
@@ -3655,7 +3655,7 @@ bool CChainState::MarkConflictingBlock(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex
     return true;
 }
 
-void CChainState::ResetBlockFailureFlags(CBlockIndex *pindex, bool ignore_chainlocks) {
+void Chainstate::ResetBlockFailureFlags(CBlockIndex *pindex, bool ignore_chainlocks) {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
     if (!pindex) {
@@ -3725,7 +3725,7 @@ void CChainState::ResetBlockFailureFlags(CBlockIndex *pindex, bool ignore_chainl
 }
 
 /** Mark a block as having its data received and checked (up to BLOCK_VALID_TRANSACTIONS). */
-void CChainState::ReceivedBlockTransactions(const CBlock& block, CBlockIndex* pindexNew, const FlatFilePos& pos)
+void Chainstate::ReceivedBlockTransactions(const CBlock& block, CBlockIndex* pindexNew, const FlatFilePos& pos)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     pindexNew->nTx = block.vtx.size();
@@ -4204,7 +4204,7 @@ bool ChainstateManager::ProcessNewBlockHeaders(const std::vector<CBlockHeader>&
 }
 
 /** Store block on disk. If dbp is non-nullptr, the file is known to already reside on disk */
-bool CChainState::AcceptBlock(const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& pblock, BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex** ppindex, bool fRequested, const FlatFilePos* dbp, bool* fNewBlock, const uint256* known_hash)
+bool Chainstate::AcceptBlock(const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& pblock, BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex** ppindex, bool fRequested, const FlatFilePos* dbp, bool* fNewBlock, const uint256* known_hash)
 {
     auto start = Now<SteadyMicroseconds>();
 
@@ -4342,7 +4342,7 @@ bool ChainstateManager::ProcessNewBlock(const std::shared_ptr<const CBlock>& blo
 
 MempoolAcceptResult ChainstateManager::ProcessTransaction(const CTransactionRef& tx, bool test_accept, bool bypass_limits)
 {
-    CChainState& active_chainstate = ActiveChainstate();
+    Chainstate& active_chainstate = ActiveChainstate();
     if (!active_chainstate.GetMempool()) {
         TxValidationState state;
         state.Invalid(TxValidationResult::TX_NO_MEMPOOL, "no-mempool");
@@ -4357,7 +4357,7 @@ bool TestBlockValidity(BlockValidationState& state,
                        const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
                        CEvoDB& evoDb,
                        const CChainParams& chainparams,
-                       CChainState& chainstate,
+                       Chainstate& chainstate,
                        const CBlock& block,
                        CBlockIndex* pindexPrev,
                        const std::function<int64_t()>& adjusted_time_callback,
@@ -4399,7 +4399,7 @@ bool TestBlockValidity(BlockValidationState& state,
 }
 
 /* This function is called from the RPC code for pruneblockchain */
-void PruneBlockFilesManual(CChainState& active_chainstate, int nManualPruneHeight)
+void PruneBlockFilesManual(Chainstate& active_chainstate, int nManualPruneHeight)
 {
     BlockValidationState state;
     if (!active_chainstate.FlushStateToDisk(state, FlushStateMode::NONE, nManualPruneHeight)) {
@@ -4407,14 +4407,14 @@ void PruneBlockFilesManual(CChainState& active_chainstate, int nManualPruneHeigh
     }
 }
 
-void CChainState::LoadMempool(const fs::path& load_path, FopenFn mockable_fopen_function)
+void Chainstate::LoadMempool(const fs::path& load_path, FopenFn mockable_fopen_function)
 {
     if (!m_mempool) return;
     ::LoadMempool(*m_mempool, load_path, *this, mockable_fopen_function);
     m_mempool->SetLoadTried(!ShutdownRequested());
 }
 
-bool CChainState::LoadChainTip()
+bool Chainstate::LoadChainTip()
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     const CCoinsViewCache& coins_cache = CoinsTip();
@@ -4453,7 +4453,7 @@ CVerifyDB::~CVerifyDB()
 }
 
 bool CVerifyDB::VerifyDB(
-    CChainState& chainstate,
+    Chainstate& chainstate,
     const Consensus::Params& consensus_params,
     CCoinsView& coinsview,
     CEvoDB& evoDb,
@@ -4584,7 +4584,7 @@ bool CVerifyDB::VerifyDB(
 }
 
 /** Apply the effects of a block on the utxo cache, ignoring that it may already have been applied. */
-bool CChainState::RollforwardBlock(const CBlockIndex* pindex, CCoinsViewCache& inputs)
+bool Chainstate::RollforwardBlock(const CBlockIndex* pindex, CCoinsViewCache& inputs)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
 
@@ -4619,7 +4619,7 @@ bool CChainState::RollforwardBlock(const CBlockIndex* pindex, CCoinsViewCache& i
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CChainState::ReplayBlocks()
+bool Chainstate::ReplayBlocks()
 {
     LOCK(cs_main);
 
@@ -4696,7 +4696,7 @@ bool CChainState::ReplayBlocks()
     return true;
 }
 
-void CChainState::UnloadBlockIndex()
+void Chainstate::UnloadBlockIndex()
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     nBlockSequenceId = 1;
@@ -4767,7 +4767,7 @@ bool ChainstateManager::LoadBlockIndex()
                 // detecting "holistically" whether the block index under consideration
                 // relied on an assumed-valid ancestor, but this proved to be too slow to
                 // be practical.
-                for (CChainState* chainstate : GetAll()) {
+                for (Chainstate* chainstate : GetAll()) {
                     if (chainstate->reliesOnAssumedValid() ||
                             pindex->nHeight < first_assumed_valid_height) {
                         chainstate->setBlockIndexCandidates.insert(pindex);
@@ -4796,7 +4796,7 @@ bool ChainstateManager::LoadBlockIndex()
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CChainState::AddGenesisBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state)
+bool Chainstate::AddGenesisBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state)
 {
     FlatFilePos blockPos{m_blockman.SaveBlockToDisk(block, 0, m_chain, nullptr)};
     if (blockPos.IsNull()) {
@@ -4807,7 +4807,7 @@ bool CChainState::AddGenesisBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& sta
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CChainState::LoadGenesisBlock()
+bool Chainstate::LoadGenesisBlock()
 {
     LOCK(cs_main);
 
@@ -4840,7 +4840,7 @@ bool CChainState::LoadGenesisBlock()
     return true;
 }
 
-void CChainState::LoadExternalBlockFile(
+void Chainstate::LoadExternalBlockFile(
     FILE* fileIn,
     FlatFilePos* dbp,
     std::multimap<uint256, FlatFilePos>* blocks_with_unknown_parent)
@@ -5008,7 +5008,7 @@ void CChainState::LoadExternalBlockFile(
     LogPrintf("Loaded %i blocks from external file in %dms\n", nLoaded, Ticks<std::chrono::milliseconds>(SteadyClock::now() - start));
 }
 
-void CChainState::CheckBlockIndex()
+void Chainstate::CheckBlockIndex()
 {
     if (!fCheckBlockIndex) {
         return;
@@ -5237,7 +5237,7 @@ void CChainState::CheckBlockIndex()
     assert(nNodes == forward.size());
 }
 
-std::string CChainState::ToString()
+std::string Chainstate::ToString()
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     CBlockIndex* tip = m_chain.Tip();
@@ -5246,7 +5246,7 @@ std::string CChainState::ToString()
                      tip ? tip->nHeight : -1, tip ? tip->GetBlockHash().ToString() : "null");
 }
 
-bool CChainState::ResizeCoinsCaches(size_t coinstip_size, size_t coinsdb_size)
+bool Chainstate::ResizeCoinsCaches(size_t coinstip_size, size_t coinsdb_size)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     if (coinstip_size == m_coinstip_cache_size_bytes &&
@@ -5313,10 +5313,10 @@ std::optional<uint256> ChainstateManager::SnapshotBlockhash() const {
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-std::vector<CChainState*> ChainstateManager::GetAll()
+std::vector<Chainstate*> ChainstateManager::GetAll()
 {
     LOCK(::cs_main);
-    std::vector<CChainState*> out;
+    std::vector<Chainstate*> out;
 
     if (!IsSnapshotValidated() && m_ibd_chainstate) {
         out.push_back(m_ibd_chainstate.get());
@@ -5329,31 +5329,18 @@ std::vector<CChainState*> ChainstateManager::GetAll()
     return out;
 }
 
-CChainState& ChainstateManager::InitializeChainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool,
+Chainstate& ChainstateManager::InitializeChainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool,
                                                      CEvoDB& evoDb,
-                                                     const std::unique_ptr<CChainstateHelper>& chain_helper,
-                                                     const std::optional<uint256>& snapshot_blockhash)
+                                                     const std::unique_ptr<CChainstateHelper>& chain_helper)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
-    bool is_snapshot = snapshot_blockhash.has_value();
-    std::unique_ptr<CChainState>& to_modify =
-        is_snapshot ? m_snapshot_chainstate : m_ibd_chainstate;
+    assert(!m_ibd_chainstate);
+    assert(!m_active_chainstate);
 
-    if (to_modify) {
-        throw std::logic_error("should not be overwriting a chainstate");
-    }
-
-    to_modify.reset(new CChainState(mempool, m_blockman, *this, evoDb, chain_helper, snapshot_blockhash));
-
-    // Snapshot chainstates and initial IBD chaintates always become active.
-    if (is_snapshot || (!is_snapshot && !m_active_chainstate)) {
-        LogPrintf("Switching active chainstate to %s\n", to_modify->ToString());
-        m_active_chainstate = to_modify.get();
-    } else {
-        throw std::logic_error("unexpected chainstate activation");
-    }
-
-    return *to_modify;
+    m_ibd_chainstate = std::make_unique<Chainstate>(
+        mempool, m_blockman, *this, evoDb, chain_helper);
+    m_active_chainstate = m_ibd_chainstate.get();
+    return *m_active_chainstate;
 }
 
 const AssumeutxoData* ExpectedAssumeutxo(
@@ -5368,6 +5355,46 @@ const AssumeutxoData* ExpectedAssumeutxo(
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+static bool DeleteCoinsDBFromDisk(const fs::path db_path, bool is_snapshot)
+    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main)
+{
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
+
+    if (is_snapshot) {
+        fs::path base_blockhash_path = db_path / node::SNAPSHOT_BLOCKHASH_FILENAME;
+
+        try {
+            bool existed = fs::remove(base_blockhash_path);
+            if (!existed) {
+                LogPrintf("[snapshot] snapshot chainstate dir being removed lacks %s file\n",
+                          fs::PathToString(node::SNAPSHOT_BLOCKHASH_FILENAME));
+            }
+        } catch (const fs::filesystem_error& e) {
+            LogPrintf("[snapshot] failed to remove file %s: %s\n",
+                    fs::PathToString(base_blockhash_path), fsbridge::get_filesystem_error_message(e));
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string path_str = fs::PathToString(db_path);
+    LogPrintf("Removing leveldb dir at %s\n", path_str);
+
+    // We have to destruct before this call leveldb::DB in order to release the db
+    // lock, otherwise `DestroyDB` will fail. See `leveldb::~DBImpl()`.
+    const bool destroyed = dbwrapper::DestroyDB(path_str, {}).ok();
+
+    if (!destroyed) {
+        LogPrintf("error: leveldb DestroyDB call failed on %s\n", path_str);
+    }
+
+    // Datadir should be removed from filesystem; otherwise initialization may detect
+    // it on subsequent statups and get confused.
+    //
+    // If the base_blockhash_path removal above fails in the case of snapshot
+    // chainstates, this will return false since leveldb won't remove a non-empty
+    // directory.
+    return destroyed && !fs::exists(db_path);
+}
+
 bool ChainstateManager::ActivateSnapshot(
         AutoFile& coins_file,
         const SnapshotMetadata& metadata,
@@ -5412,7 +5439,7 @@ bool ChainstateManager::ActivateSnapshot(
             static_cast<size_t>(current_coinsdb_cache_size * IBD_CACHE_PERC));
     }
 
-    auto snapshot_chainstate = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return std::make_unique<CChainState>(
+    auto snapshot_chainstate = WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return std::make_unique<Chainstate>(
             /*mempool=*/ nullptr, m_blockman, *this,
             this->ActiveChainstate().m_evoDb,
             this->ActiveChainstate().m_chain_helper,
@@ -5429,11 +5456,34 @@ bool ChainstateManager::ActivateSnapshot(
             static_cast<size_t>(current_coinstip_cache_size * SNAPSHOT_CACHE_PERC));
     }
 
-    const bool snapshot_ok = this->PopulateAndValidateSnapshot(
+    bool snapshot_ok = this->PopulateAndValidateSnapshot(
         *snapshot_chainstate, coins_file, metadata);
 
+    // If not in-memory, persist the base blockhash for use during subsequent
+    // initialization.
+    if (!in_memory) {
+        LOCK(::cs_main);
+        if (!node::WriteSnapshotBaseBlockhash(*snapshot_chainstate)) {
+            snapshot_ok = false;
+        }
+    }
     if (!snapshot_ok) {
-        WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, this->MaybeRebalanceCaches());
+        LOCK(::cs_main);
+        this->MaybeRebalanceCaches();
+
+        // PopulateAndValidateSnapshot can return (in error) before the leveldb datadir
+        // has been created, so only attempt removal if we got that far.
+        if (auto snapshot_datadir = node::FindSnapshotChainstateDir()) {
+            // We have to destruct leveldb::DB in order to release the db lock, otherwise
+            // DestroyDB() (in DeleteCoinsDBFromDisk()) will fail. See `leveldb::~DBImpl()`.
+            // Destructing the chainstate (and so resetting the coinsviews object) does this.
+            snapshot_chainstate.reset();
+            bool removed = DeleteCoinsDBFromDisk(*snapshot_datadir, /*is_snapshot=*/true);
+            if (!removed) {
+                AbortNode(strprintf("Failed to remove snapshot chainstate dir (%s). "
+                    "Manually remove it before restarting.\n", fs::PathToString(*snapshot_datadir)));
+            }
+        }
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -5467,7 +5517,7 @@ static void FlushSnapshotToDisk(CCoinsViewCache& coins_cache, bool snapshot_load
 }
 
 bool ChainstateManager::PopulateAndValidateSnapshot(
-    CChainState& snapshot_chainstate,
+    Chainstate& snapshot_chainstate,
     AutoFile& coins_file,
     const SnapshotMetadata& metadata)
 {
@@ -5561,7 +5611,7 @@ bool ChainstateManager::PopulateAndValidateSnapshot(
 
     // Important that we set this. This and the coins_cache accesses above are
     // sort of a layer violation, but either we reach into the innards of
-    // CCoinsViewCache here or we have to invert some of the CChainState to
+    // CCoinsViewCache here or we have to invert some of the Chainstate to
     // embed them in a snapshot-activation-specific CCoinsViewCache bulk load
     // method.
     coins_cache.SetBestBlock(base_blockhash);
@@ -5657,7 +5707,7 @@ bool ChainstateManager::PopulateAndValidateSnapshot(
     return true;
 }
 
-CChainState& ChainstateManager::ActiveChainstate() const
+Chainstate& ChainstateManager::ActiveChainstate() const
 {
     LOCK(::cs_main);
     assert(m_active_chainstate);
@@ -5751,6 +5801,13 @@ void ChainstateManager::MaybeRebalanceCaches()
     }
 }
 
+void ChainstateManager::ResetChainstates()
+{
+    m_ibd_chainstate.reset();
+    m_snapshot_chainstate.reset();
+    m_active_chainstate = nullptr;
+}
+
 ChainstateManager::~ChainstateManager()
 {
     LOCK(::cs_main);
@@ -5769,3 +5826,34 @@ bool IsBIP30Unspendable(const CBlockIndex& block_index)
     return (block_index.nHeight==91722 && block_index.GetBlockHash() == uint256S("0x00000000000271a2dc26e7667f8419f2e15416dc6955e5a6c6cdf3f2574dd08e")) ||
            (block_index.nHeight==91812 && block_index.GetBlockHash() == uint256S("0x00000000000af0aed4792b1acee3d966af36cf5def14935db8de83d6f9306f2f"));
 }
+
+bool ChainstateManager::DetectSnapshotChainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool)
+{
+    assert(!m_snapshot_chainstate);
+    std::optional<fs::path> path = node::FindSnapshotChainstateDir();
+    if (!path) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::optional<uint256> base_blockhash = node::ReadSnapshotBaseBlockhash(*path);
+    if (!base_blockhash) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    LogPrintf("[snapshot] detected active snapshot chainstate (%s) - loading\n",
+        fs::PathToString(*path));
+
+    this->ActivateExistingSnapshot(mempool, *base_blockhash);
+    return true;
+}
+
+Chainstate& ChainstateManager::ActivateExistingSnapshot(CTxMemPool* mempool, uint256 base_blockhash)
+{
+    assert(!m_snapshot_chainstate);
+    m_snapshot_chainstate = std::make_unique<Chainstate>(
+        mempool, m_blockman, *this,
+        this->ActiveChainstate().m_evoDb,
+        this->ActiveChainstate().m_chain_helper,
+        base_blockhash);
+    LogPrintf("[snapshot] switching active chainstate to %s\n", m_snapshot_chainstate->ToString());
+    m_active_chainstate = m_snapshot_chainstate.get();
+    return *m_snapshot_chainstate;
+}
diff --git a/src/validation.h b/src/validation.h
index a74af25f9623..78ebdf366c04 100644
--- a/src/validation.h
+++ b/src/validation.h
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-class CChainState;
+class Chainstate;
 class CBlockTreeDB;
 class CChainParams;
 class CEvoDB;
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ bool AbortNode(BlockValidationState& state, const std::string& strMessage, const
 double GuessVerificationProgress(const ChainTxData& data, const CBlockIndex* pindex);
 
 /** Prune block files up to a given height */
-void PruneBlockFilesManual(CChainState& active_chainstate, int nManualPruneHeight);
+void PruneBlockFilesManual(Chainstate& active_chainstate, int nManualPruneHeight);
 
 /**
 * Validation result for a single transaction mempool acceptance.
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ struct PackageMempoolAcceptResult
  *
  * @returns a MempoolAcceptResult indicating whether the transaction was accepted/rejected with reason.
  */
-MempoolAcceptResult AcceptToMemoryPool(CChainState& active_chainstate, const CTransactionRef& tx,
+MempoolAcceptResult AcceptToMemoryPool(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const CTransactionRef& tx,
                                        int64_t accept_time, bool bypass_limits, bool test_accept)
     EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
 
@@ -271,13 +271,13 @@ MempoolAcceptResult AcceptToMemoryPool(CChainState& active_chainstate, const CTr
 * If a transaction fails, validation will exit early and some results may be missing. It is also
 * possible for the package to be partially submitted.
 */
-PackageMempoolAcceptResult ProcessNewPackage(CChainState& active_chainstate, CTxMemPool& pool,
+PackageMempoolAcceptResult ProcessNewPackage(Chainstate& active_chainstate, CTxMemPool& pool,
                                              const Package& txns, bool test_accept)
                                              EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
 
-bool GetUTXOCoin(CChainState& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint, Coin& coin);
-int GetUTXOHeight(CChainState& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint);
-int GetUTXOConfirmations(CChainState& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint);
+bool GetUTXOCoin(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint, Coin& coin);
+int GetUTXOHeight(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint);
+int GetUTXOConfirmations(Chainstate& active_chainstate, const COutPoint& outpoint);
 
 /* Mempool validation helper functions */
 
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ bool TestBlockValidity(BlockValidationState& state,
                        const chainlock::Chainlocks& chainlocks,
                        CEvoDB& evoDb,
                        const CChainParams& chainparams,
-                       CChainState& chainstate,
+                       Chainstate& chainstate,
                        const CBlock& block,
                        CBlockIndex* pindexPrev,
                        const std::function<int64_t()>& adjusted_time_callback,
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ class CVerifyDB {
     CVerifyDB();
     ~CVerifyDB();
     bool VerifyDB(
-        CChainState& chainstate,
+        Chainstate& chainstate,
         const Consensus::Params& consensus_params,
         CCoinsView& coinsview,
         CEvoDB& evoDb,
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ enum DisconnectResult {
 
 class ConnectTrace;
 
-/** @see CChainState::FlushStateToDisk */
+/** @see Chainstate::FlushStateToDisk */
 enum class FlushStateMode {
     NONE,
     IF_NEEDED,
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ enum class CoinsCacheSizeState
 };
 
 /**
- * CChainState stores and provides an API to update our local knowledge of the
+ * Chainstate stores and provides an API to update our local knowledge of the
  * current best chain.
  *
  * Eventually, the API here is targeted at being exposed externally as a
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ enum class CoinsCacheSizeState
  * whereas block information and metadata independent of the current tip is
  * kept in `BlockManager`.
  */
-class CChainState
+class Chainstate
 {
 protected:
     /**
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ class CChainState
 
 public:
     //! Reference to a BlockManager instance which itself is shared across all
-    //! CChainState instances.
+    //! Chainstate instances.
     node::BlockManager& m_blockman;
 
     /** Chain parameters for this chainstate */
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ class CChainState
     //! chainstate within deeply nested method calls.
     ChainstateManager& m_chainman;
 
-    explicit CChainState(CTxMemPool* mempool,
+    explicit Chainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool,
                          node::BlockManager& blockman,
                          ChainstateManager& chainman,
                          CEvoDB& evoDb,
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ class ChainstateManager
     //! This is especially important when, e.g., calling ActivateBestChain()
     //! on all chainstates because we are not able to hold ::cs_main going into
     //! that call.
-    std::unique_ptr<CChainState> m_ibd_chainstate GUARDED_BY(::cs_main);
+    std::unique_ptr<Chainstate> m_ibd_chainstate GUARDED_BY(::cs_main);
 
     //! A chainstate initialized on the basis of a UTXO snapshot. If this is
     //! non-null, it is always our active chainstate.
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ class ChainstateManager
     //! This is especially important when, e.g., calling ActivateBestChain()
     //! on all chainstates because we are not able to hold ::cs_main going into
     //! that call.
-    std::unique_ptr<CChainState> m_snapshot_chainstate GUARDED_BY(::cs_main);
+    std::unique_ptr<Chainstate> m_snapshot_chainstate GUARDED_BY(::cs_main);
 
     //! Points to either the ibd or snapshot chainstate; indicates our
     //! most-work chain.
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ class ChainstateManager
     //! This is especially important when, e.g., calling ActivateBestChain()
     //! on all chainstates because we are not able to hold ::cs_main going into
     //! that call.
-    CChainState* m_active_chainstate GUARDED_BY(::cs_main) {nullptr};
+    Chainstate* m_active_chainstate GUARDED_BY(::cs_main) {nullptr};
 
     //! If true, the assumed-valid chainstate has been fully validated
     //! by the background validation chainstate.
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ class ChainstateManager
 
     //! Internal helper for ActivateSnapshot().
     [[nodiscard]] bool PopulateAndValidateSnapshot(
-        CChainState& snapshot_chainstate,
+        Chainstate& snapshot_chainstate,
         AutoFile& coins_file,
         const node::SnapshotMetadata& metadata);
 
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ class ChainstateManager
         BlockValidationState& state,
         CBlockIndex** ppindex,
         const uint256& hash) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
-    friend CChainState;
+    friend Chainstate;
 
     std::array<ThresholdConditionCache, VERSIONBITS_NUM_BITS> m_warningcache GUARDED_BY(::cs_main);
 
@@ -986,27 +986,23 @@ class ChainstateManager
     //! coins databases. This will be split somehow across chainstates.
     int64_t m_total_coinsdb_cache{0};
 
-    //! Instantiate a new chainstate and assign it based upon whether it is
-    //! from a snapshot.
+    //! Instantiate a new chainstate.
     //!
     //! @param[in] mempool              The mempool to pass to the chainstate
     //                                  constructor
-    //! @param[in] snapshot_blockhash   If given, signify that this chainstate
-    //!                                 is based on a snapshot.
-    CChainState& InitializeChainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool,
+    Chainstate& InitializeChainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool,
                                       CEvoDB& evoDb,
-                                      const std::unique_ptr<CChainstateHelper>& chain_helper,
-                                      const std::optional<uint256>& snapshot_blockhash = std::nullopt)
+                                      const std::unique_ptr<CChainstateHelper>& chain_helper)
         LIFETIMEBOUND EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
 
     //! Get all chainstates currently being used.
-    std::vector<CChainState*> GetAll();
+    std::vector<Chainstate*> GetAll();
 
     //! Construct and activate a Chainstate on the basis of UTXO snapshot data.
     //!
     //! Steps:
     //!
-    //! - Initialize an unused CChainState.
+    //! - Initialize an unused Chainstate.
     //! - Load its `CoinsViews` contents from `coins_file`.
     //! - Verify that the hash of the resulting coinsdb matches the expected hash
     //!   per assumeutxo chain parameters.
@@ -1019,7 +1015,7 @@ class ChainstateManager
         AutoFile& coins_file, const node::SnapshotMetadata& metadata, bool in_memory);
 
     //! The most-work chain.
-    CChainState& ActiveChainstate() const;
+    Chainstate& ActiveChainstate() const;
     CChain& ActiveChain() const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(GetMutex()) { return ActiveChainstate().m_chain; }
     int ActiveHeight() const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(GetMutex()) { return ActiveChain().Height(); }
     CBlockIndex* ActiveTip() const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(GetMutex()) { return ActiveChain().Tip(); }
@@ -1103,6 +1099,17 @@ class ChainstateManager
                              std::optional<bool> optDIP0024IsActive = std::nullopt,
                              std::optional<bool> optHaveDIP0024Quorums = std::nullopt) const;
 
+    //! When starting up, search the datadir for a chainstate based on a UTXO
+    //! snapshot that is in the process of being validated.
+    bool DetectSnapshotChainstate(CTxMemPool* mempool) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
+
+    void ResetChainstates() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
+
+    //! Switch the active chainstate to one based on a UTXO snapshot that was loaded
+    //! previously.
+    Chainstate& ActivateExistingSnapshot(CTxMemPool* mempool, uint256 base_blockhash)
+        EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
+
     ~ChainstateManager();
 };
 
diff --git a/test/functional/feature_init.py b/test/functional/feature_init.py
index ce12319933de..e08f3bb6298c 100755
--- a/test/functional/feature_init.py
+++ b/test/functional/feature_init.py
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ def check_clean_start():
             b'Loading P2P addresses',
             b'Loading banlist',
             b'Loading block index',
-            b'Switching active chainstate',
             b'Checking all blk files are present',
             b'Loaded best chain:',
             b'init message: Verifying blocks',
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-circular-dependencies.py b/test/lint/lint-circular-dependencies.py
index 2ca352aaade6..ab9c1d4f311d 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-circular-dependencies.py
+++ b/test/lint/lint-circular-dependencies.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 EXPECTED_CIRCULAR_DEPENDENCIES = (
     "chainparamsbase -> util/system -> chainparamsbase",
     "node/blockstorage -> validation -> node/blockstorage",
+    "node/utxo_snapshot -> validation -> node/utxo_snapshot",
     "policy/fees -> txmempool -> policy/fees",
     "qt/addresstablemodel -> qt/walletmodel -> qt/addresstablemodel",
     "qt/recentrequeststablemodel -> qt/walletmodel -> qt/recentrequeststablemodel",
diff --git a/test/sanitizer_suppressions/tsan b/test/sanitizer_suppressions/tsan
index 9d9012895b6e..30c00874cec3 100644
--- a/test/sanitizer_suppressions/tsan
+++ b/test/sanitizer_suppressions/tsan
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ race:bitcoin-qt
 # deadlock (TODO fix)
 # To reproduce, see:
 # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/19303#issuecomment-1514926359
-deadlock:CChainState::ConnectTip
+deadlock:Chainstate::ConnectTip
 deadlock:wallet_tests::CreateWallet
 
 # deadlock false positive (see: https://github.com/dashpay/dash/pull/4563)
-deadlock:CChainState::ConnectTip
+deadlock:Chainstate::ConnectTip
 
 # Intentional deadlock in tests
 deadlock:sync_tests::potential_deadlock_detected