diff --git a/juniper/Cargo.toml b/juniper/Cargo.toml
index 9bec88873..3be36030f 100644
--- a/juniper/Cargo.toml
+++ b/juniper/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ default = [
 [dependencies]
 juniper_codegen = { version = "0.14.1", path = "../juniper_codegen"  }
 
-async-trait = "0.1.16"
 chrono = { version = "0.4.0", optional = true }
 fnv = "1.0.3"
 futures = { version = "=0.3.1", optional = true }
diff --git a/juniper/src/macros/scalar.rs b/juniper/src/macros/scalar.rs
index 7b1e80608..f2453a275 100644
--- a/juniper/src/macros/scalar.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/macros/scalar.rs
@@ -423,16 +423,12 @@ macro_rules! graphql_scalar {
                 )
             {
 
-                fn resolve_async<'a, 'async_trait>(
+                fn resolve_async<'a>(
                     &'a self,
                     info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
-                    selection_set: Option<&'a [$crate::Selection<'a, $crate::__juniper_insert_generic!($($scalar)+)>]>,
-                    executor: &'a $crate::Executor<'a, Self::Context, $crate::__juniper_insert_generic!($($scalar)+)>,
-                ) -> $crate::BoxFuture<'async_trait, $crate::Value<$crate::__juniper_insert_generic!($($scalar)+)>>
-                where
-                    'a: 'async_trait,
-                    Self: 'async_trait,
-                {
+                    selection_set: Option<&'a [$crate::Selection<$crate::__juniper_insert_generic!($($scalar)+)>]>,
+                    executor: &'a $crate::Executor<Self::Context, $crate::__juniper_insert_generic!($($scalar)+)>,
+                ) -> $crate::BoxFuture<'a, $crate::Value<$crate::__juniper_insert_generic!($($scalar)+)>> {
                     use $crate::GraphQLType;
                     use futures::future;
                     let v = self.resolve(info, selection_set, executor);
diff --git a/juniper/src/schema/schema.rs b/juniper/src/schema/schema.rs
index 8cade0bab..14c3f2c2c 100644
--- a/juniper/src/schema/schema.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/schema/schema.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ where
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<'a, CtxT, S, QueryT, MutationT> crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S>
     for RootNode<'a, QueryT, MutationT, S>
 where
@@ -86,25 +85,25 @@ where
     QueryT::TypeInfo: Send + Sync,
     MutationT: crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S, Context = CtxT>,
     MutationT::TypeInfo: Send + Sync,
-    CtxT: Send + Sync + 'a,
-    for<'c> &'c S: ScalarRefValue<'c>,
+    CtxT: Send + Sync,
+    for<'b> &'b S: ScalarRefValue<'b>,
 {
-    async fn resolve_field_async<'b>(
+    fn resolve_field_async<'b>(
         &'b self,
-        info: &'b <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::TypeInfo,
+        info: &'b Self::TypeInfo,
         field_name: &'b str,
-        arguments: &'b Arguments<'b, S>,
-        executor: &'b Executor<'b, <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::Context, S>,
-    ) -> ExecutionResult<S> {
+        arguments: &'b Arguments<S>,
+        executor: &'b Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> crate::BoxFuture<'b, ExecutionResult<S>> {
         use futures::future::{ready, FutureExt};
         match field_name {
             "__schema" | "__type" => {
-                self.resolve_field(info, field_name, arguments, executor)
+                let v = self.resolve_field(info, field_name, arguments, executor);
+                Box::pin(ready(v))
             }
             _ => self
                 .query_type
-                .resolve_field_async(info, field_name, arguments, executor)
-                .await
+                .resolve_field_async(info, field_name, arguments, executor),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/juniper/src/types/async_await.rs b/juniper/src/types/async_await.rs
index bf06e190b..d36931722 100644
--- a/juniper/src/types/async_await.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/types/async_await.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ use crate::BoxFuture;
 
 use super::base::{is_excluded, merge_key_into, Arguments, GraphQLType};
 
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait GraphQLTypeAsync<S>: GraphQLType<S> + Send + Sync
 where
     Self::Context: Send + Sync,
@@ -20,38 +19,41 @@ where
     S: ScalarValue + Send + Sync,
     for<'b> &'b S: ScalarRefValue<'b>,
 {
-    async fn resolve_field_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_field_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
         info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
         field_name: &'a str,
-        arguments: &'a Arguments<'a, S>,
-        executor: &'a Executor<'a, Self::Context, S>,
-    ) -> ExecutionResult<S> {
+        arguments: &'a Arguments<S>,
+        executor: &'a Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, ExecutionResult<S>> {
         panic!("resolve_field must be implemented by object types");
     }
 
-    async fn resolve_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
         info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
-        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<'a, S>]>,
-        executor: &'a Executor<'a, Self::Context, S>,
-    ) -> Value<S> {
+        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<S>]>,
+        executor: &'a Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Value<S>> {
         if let Some(selection_set) = selection_set {
-            resolve_selection_set_into_async(self, info, selection_set, executor).await
+            resolve_selection_set_into_async(self, info, selection_set, executor)
         } else {
             panic!("resolve() must be implemented by non-object output types");
         }
     }
 
-    async fn resolve_into_type_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_into_type_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
         info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
         type_name: &str,
         selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<'a, S>]>,
         executor: &'a Executor<'a, Self::Context, S>,
-    ) -> ExecutionResult<S> {
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, ExecutionResult<S>> {
         if Self::name(info).unwrap() == type_name {
-            Ok(self.resolve_async(info, selection_set, executor).await)
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let res = self.resolve_async(info, selection_set, executor).await;
+                Ok(res)
+            })
         } else {
             panic!("resolve_into_type_async must be implemented by unions and interfaces");
         }
diff --git a/juniper/src/types/containers.rs b/juniper/src/types/containers.rs
index 7f6d1374b..06634072b 100644
--- a/juniper/src/types/containers.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/types/containers.rs
@@ -257,7 +257,6 @@ where
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<S, T, CtxT> crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S> for Vec<T>
 where
     T: crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S, Context = CtxT>,
@@ -266,18 +265,18 @@ where
     CtxT: Send + Sync,
     for<'b> &'b S: ScalarRefValue<'b>,
 {
-    async fn resolve_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
-        info: &'a <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::TypeInfo,
-        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<'a, S>]>,
-        executor: &'a Executor<'a, <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::Context, S>,
-    ) -> Value<S> {
-        resolve_into_list_async(executor, info, self.iter()).await
+        info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
+        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<S>]>,
+        executor: &'a Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> crate::BoxFuture<'a, Value<S>> {
+        let f = resolve_into_list_async(executor, info, self.iter());
+        Box::pin(f)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<S, T, CtxT> crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S> for &[T]
 where
     T: crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S, Context = CtxT>,
@@ -286,18 +285,18 @@ where
     CtxT: Send + Sync,
     for<'b> &'b S: ScalarRefValue<'b>,
 {
-    async fn resolve_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
-        info: &'a <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::TypeInfo,
-        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<'a, S>]>,
-        executor: &'a Executor<'a, <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::Context, S>,
-    ) -> Value<S> {
-        resolve_into_list_async(executor, info, self.iter()).await
+        info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
+        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<S>]>,
+        executor: &'a Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> crate::BoxFuture<'a, Value<S>> {
+        let f = resolve_into_list_async(executor, info, self.iter());
+        Box::pin(f)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<S, T, CtxT> crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S> for Option<T>
 where
     T: crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S, Context = CtxT>,
@@ -306,15 +305,18 @@ where
     CtxT: Send + Sync,
     for<'b> &'b S: ScalarRefValue<'b>,
 {
-    async fn resolve_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
-        info: &'a <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::TypeInfo,
-        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<'a, S>]>,
-        executor: &'a Executor<'a, <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::Context, S>,
-    ) -> Value<S> {
-        match *self {
-            Some(ref obj) => executor.resolve_into_value_async(info, obj).await,
-            None => Value::null(),
-        }
+        info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
+        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<S>]>,
+        executor: &'a Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> crate::BoxFuture<'a, Value<S>> {
+        let f = async move {
+            match *self {
+                Some(ref obj) => executor.resolve_into_value_async(info, obj).await,
+                None => Value::null(),
+            }
+        };
+        Box::pin(f)
     }
 }
diff --git a/juniper/src/types/pointers.rs b/juniper/src/types/pointers.rs
index ed1ecd02e..f5103b692 100644
--- a/juniper/src/types/pointers.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/types/pointers.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,6 @@ where
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<'e, S, T> crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S> for &'e T
 where
     S: ScalarValue + Send + Sync,
@@ -146,24 +145,23 @@ where
     T::Context: Send + Sync,
     for<'c> &'c S: ScalarRefValue<'c>,
 {
-    async fn resolve_field_async<'b>(
+    fn resolve_field_async<'b>(
         &'b self,
-        info: &'b <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::TypeInfo,
+        info: &'b Self::TypeInfo,
         field_name: &'b str,
-        arguments: &'b Arguments<'b, S>,
-        executor: &'b Executor<'b, <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::Context, S>,
-    ) -> ExecutionResult<S> {
+        arguments: &'b Arguments<S>,
+        executor: &'b Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> crate::BoxFuture<'b, ExecutionResult<S>> {
         crate::GraphQLTypeAsync::resolve_field_async(&**self, info, field_name, arguments, executor)
-            .await
     }
 
-    async fn resolve_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
-        info: &'a <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::TypeInfo,
-        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<'a, S>]>,
-        executor: &'a Executor<'a, <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::Context, S>,
-    ) -> Value<S> {
-        crate::GraphQLTypeAsync::resolve_async(&**self, info, selection_set, executor).await
+        info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
+        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<S>]>,
+        executor: &'a Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> crate::BoxFuture<'a, Value<S>> {
+        crate::GraphQLTypeAsync::resolve_async(&**self, info, selection_set, executor)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/juniper/src/types/scalars.rs b/juniper/src/types/scalars.rs
index 538760030..e0b084fc1 100644
--- a/juniper/src/types/scalars.rs
+++ b/juniper/src/types/scalars.rs
@@ -197,19 +197,19 @@ where
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<'e, S> crate::GraphQLTypeAsync<S> for &'e str
 where
     S: ScalarValue + Send + Sync,
     for<'b> &'b S: ScalarRefValue<'b>,
 {
-    async fn resolve_async<'a>(
+    fn resolve_async<'a>(
         &'a self,
-        info: &'a <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::TypeInfo,
-        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<'a, S>]>,
-        executor: &'a Executor<'a, <Self as crate::GraphQLType<S>>::Context, S>,
-    ) -> crate::Value<S> {
-        self.resolve(info, selection_set, executor)
+        info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
+        selection_set: Option<&'a [Selection<S>]>,
+        executor: &'a Executor<Self::Context, S>,
+    ) -> crate::BoxFuture<'a, crate::Value<S>> {
+        use futures::future;
+        future::FutureExt::boxed(future::ready(self.resolve(info, selection_set, executor)))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/derive_enum.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/derive_enum.rs
index b99090e2f..930fe7077 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/derive_enum.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/derive_enum.rs
@@ -213,16 +213,12 @@ pub fn impl_enum(ast: &syn::DeriveInput, is_internal: bool) -> TokenStream {
                 __S: #juniper_path::ScalarValue + Send + Sync,
                 for<'__b> &'__b __S: #juniper_path::ScalarRefValue<'__b>
         {
-            fn resolve_async<'a, 'async_trait>(
+            fn resolve_async<'a>(
                 &'a self,
                 info: &'a Self::TypeInfo,
                 selection_set: Option<&'a [#juniper_path::Selection<__S>]>,
                 executor: &'a #juniper_path::Executor<Self::Context, __S>,
-            ) -> #juniper_path::BoxFuture<'async_trait, #juniper_path::Value<__S>>
-             where
-                'a: 'async_trait,
-                Self: 'async_trait
-            {
+            ) -> #juniper_path::BoxFuture<'a, #juniper_path::Value<__S>> {
                 use #juniper_path::GraphQLType;
                 use futures::future;
                 let v = self.resolve(info, selection_set, executor);
diff --git a/juniper_codegen/src/util.rs b/juniper_codegen/src/util.rs
index 86f3ad40e..ae13831f2 100644
--- a/juniper_codegen/src/util.rs
+++ b/juniper_codegen/src/util.rs
@@ -932,17 +932,14 @@ impl GraphQLTypeDefiniton {
                 impl#impl_generics #juniper_crate_name::GraphQLTypeAsync<#scalar> for #ty #type_generics_tokens
                     #where_async
                 {
-                    fn resolve_field_async<'b, 'async_trait>(
+                    fn resolve_field_async<'b>(
                         &'b self,
                         info: &'b Self::TypeInfo,
                         field: &'b str,
                         args: &'b #juniper_crate_name::Arguments<#scalar>,
                         executor: &'b #juniper_crate_name::Executor<Self::Context, #scalar>,
-                    ) -> #juniper_crate_name::BoxFuture<'async_trait, #juniper_crate_name::ExecutionResult<#scalar>>
-                        where
-                        #scalar: Send + Sync,
-                        'b: 'async_trait,
-                        Self: 'async_trait,
+                    ) -> #juniper_crate_name::BoxFuture<'b, #juniper_crate_name::ExecutionResult<#scalar>>
+                        where #scalar: Send + Sync,
                     {
                         use futures::future;
                         use #juniper_crate_name::GraphQLType;