NAPS25DH.qmd

---
title: "Morph-Tags & *Authorship(s)*: <br>DH@NAPS_2025"

author: 
  - name: Mark G. Bilby
    orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-6634
    affiliations: Principal, Clavis Consulting, LLC, Kansas
  - name: Jack Bull
    orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-239X
    affiliations: Lecturer in Biblical Studies, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, London

date: 2025-05-22
date-format: "YYYY-MM-DD"
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    footer: |
        Mark G. Bilby & Jack Bull: "Morph-Tags & *Authorship(s)*: <br>DH@NAPS_2025" -- North American Patristics Society -- 2025 Annual Meeting -- Digital Humanities Section
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# Ancient Greek Morphological Tagging: <br>Past & Present
<br><br>

*Nota bene:* <br>

  - Quarto template .qmd/.js/.scss files based on those of AvS @ BBAW. Danke!
  - the following overview is not intended to be comprehensive
  - please let us know of corrections, additional projects & details!

## CCAT / CATSS (1977-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - Center for Computer Analysis of Texts (CCAT)
  - Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Studies (CATSS)
  - housed at University of Pennsylvania; NEH funded (1978-)
  - led by Robert Kraft, co-directed by Emmanuel Tov and Bill Adler, w/ John Abercrombie
  - collabs w/ Priceton's IAS; IOSCS; TLG (Brunner); SBL; CNRS; & GRAMCORD concordance (P. Miller)
  - D. Packard's "IBEX" language; 7-bit ASCII betacode; one row per token and tag(s); LXX & MT alignments


## CCAT's Commercial Spinoffs (1992-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - context: Tim & Barbara Friberg w/ SIL/UBS publish Analytical GNT (1981-)
  - Commercial Apps: BibleWorks (1992-); Logos (1992-); Accordance (1994-)
  - Software evolved from ASCII (early) to Unicode encoding (2000s)
  - partnerships w/ academic organizations
    - Jean-Noel Aletti & Andrei Geniusz at Pontifical Biblical Institute
    - tagging of Josephus, Apostolic Fathers, etc (2003-)
  - *thank you to Michael Bushnell for sharing BGM datasets for our research!*

## Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (2006-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - TLG started in 1972 to build its digital Greek corpus
  - late 2006 released lemma + morphological search in new interface
  - 80% coverage of 80M tokens = ~64M lemmatized & morph-tagged words
  - coverage % increased as corpus has grown; today >125M words

## PROIEL Treebanks (2007-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - Old Indo-European Bible Translations, including ancient Greek (2007-)
  - 277K Greek word tokens
  - mapped morpho-syntactical structural patterns across languages using the LXX and NT as the base text and intercultural point of connection
  - later contributed to foundational ancient Greek data for Universal Dependencies (2017-)

*Sources*

  - data_code in {{< fa brands github >}} [proiel](https://github.com/proiel)
  - data_archived in {{< ai zenodo >}} doi: [10.5281/zenodo.591393](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.591393)

## ADGT 1.0 (2009-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - AGDT 1.0 standards and 190k word corpus released (2009-)
  - co-led by D. Bamman, F. Mambrini, & G. Crane, for Perseus Project @ Tufts
  - Morpheus automated parser (2005-) developed; also used by TLG
  - Morpheus publicly released as open source (2018-)

*Sources*

  - AGDT 1.0 Guidelines in archival pdf @ [Perseids.org](https://static.perseids.org/guidelines-syntactic-annotation-greek-1-1.pdf)
  - Morpheus open source code in {{< fa brands github >}} [perseids-tools](https://github.com/perseids-tools/morpheus)

## ADGT 2.0 (2014-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - AGDT 2.0 standards released by Giuseppe Celano @ Leipzig (2014-)
  - Arethusa treebank editor (Almas, Beaulieu, Höflechner, Lichtensteiner, Sirk) released (2014-)
  - AGDT (500k) PROIEL (276k), and Gorman (240k) trees added to Universal Dependencies (2017-), integrating with Stanford (2006-), and Google (2013-) Dependencies
  - Vanessa Gorman's Treebanks; pre-morph-parsed, human-checked; 550k+ tokens released (2019-)

*Sources*

  - AGDT 2.0 Guidelines in {{< fa brands github >}} [PerseusDL](https://github.com/PerseusDL/treebank_data/edit/master/AGDT2/guide)
  - AGDT_tree_data_archived in {{< fa brands github >}} [PerseusDL](https://github.com/PerseusDL/treebank_data) 
  - Gorman_tree_data_archived in {{< fa brands github >}} [vgorman1](https://github.com/vgorman1/Greek-Dependency-Trees) 
  - Gorman_data_paper in *JOHD* @ doi: [10.5534/johd.13](https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.13)

## CLTK (2014-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - Classical Languages Toolkit Python package; NLTK for Classics
  - led by Kyle Johnson, Patrick Burns, et al; advised by Crane et al
  - backoff approach to lemmatization and morphological tagging
  - longform morphological tagging
  - releases on Github & Zenodo from 2015 onward

*Sources*

  - CLTK docs & sourcecode in {{< fa brands github >}} [cltk](https://github.com/cltk/cltk)
 
## Diorisis Ancient Greek Corpus (2018-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - led by Alessandro Vatri & Barbara McGillivray @ KCL
  - 10M words, 820 works (2018-)
  - from Beta Code to Unicode; 
  - automated lemmatizing and morphological parsing
  - longform morphological annotation similar to UD FEATS field
  - tagging structure similar to TEI-XML

*Sources*

  - annotation_scripts in {{< fa brands github >}} [alevatri](https://github.com/alevatri/diorisis) 
  - Diorisis Search software at [Diorsis Search 3.3](https://www.crs.rm.it/diorisissearch/) 
  - data_archived in Figshare @ doi: [m9.figshare.6187256](https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6187256)
  - data_paper in *RDJHSS* @ doi: [10.1163/24523666-01000013](https://doi.org/10.1163/24523666-01000013)

## Pedalion (2019-) and GLAUx (2021-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - led by Toon van Hall and Alek Keersmaekers @ KU Leuven
  - initial Pedalion release, 119K words (2019)
  - GLAUx demo releases, 13M-27M words (2021)
  - v1.0 release, 20M words (2024-04)
  - largely machine-automated w/ human supervised checks and refinements
  - TEI-XML sources; TEI-XML treebank outputs w/ UTF-8 NFD encoding

*Sources*

  - data_archived in {{< fa brands github >}} [alekkeersmaekers/glaux](https://github.com/alekkeersmaekers/glaux)
  - data_paper in *ACL* @ doi[10.18653/v1/2021.lchange-1.6](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.lchange-1.6)

## Opera Graeca Adnotata (OGA) (2023-)
<br><br>
*Summary*

  - led by Giuseppe Celano and team @ Leipzig
  - machine-automated w/ human supervised checks and refinements
  - v0.1.0 release, 34M words, 1700 works (2024-03)
  - v0.2.0 release, 40M words, 2000 works (2024-11); Patristic Text Archive works now included
  - TEI-XML sources; Paula XML UTF-8 NFD outputs w/ numerous standoff annotations, akin to Text Fabric
  - distilled and location-enriched in one CoNNL-U file per work by Bilby, on which see below

*Sources*

  - annotation_docs {{< fa brands github >}} [OperaGraecaAdnotata/OGA](https://github.com/OperaGraecaAdnotata/OGA)
  - data_archived in {{< ai zenodo >}} doi: [10.5281/zenodo.14206061](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14206061)
  - data_paper in ar*X*iv @ doi: [2404.00739](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.00739)

## Some Finding Aids & Entry Level Corpora
<br><br>

  > Bilby, M.G. (2024). "OGA v0.2.0 (2024-11-24) and GLAUx v1.0 (2024-04-09) Compared (0.1)." Zenodo. [doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14254073](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14254073)
  <br><br>
  > Bilby, M.G. "oga_src: Opera Graeca Adnotata Made Friendly." Release 0.2.0. 2025-04-11. [doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15199546](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15199546)

# Quo Vademus?

## Analeipsis

  We are coming up on 50 years since the start of computerized morphological tagging of ancient Greek. 
  
  When we *look back*, we see how much of that history has centered on our sacred texts. 
  
  We scholars of the Jewish and Christian scriptures, and early Christian literature more broadly, are arguably among the most textually obsessive people in the world. 
  
  We have been, and we shall continue to be, at the heart of these conversations and related technological advancements.

## Periblepsis

  A lot of academic publishing in early Christianity is focused on traditional modes of print publication, but the academy and the world are changing rapidly. 
  
  If we *look around*, we will see that scholarly publishing is undergoing a massive, rapid transformation into new forms of embodiment and curation within a Linked Open Data digital ecosystem. 
  
  Our most important, impactful, and lasting contributions may not be traditional print publications, but rather our creative participation in the scholarly networks at the heart of major corpus linguistics projects.
  
  The networks spanning Perseus, First1KGreek, Patristic Text Archive, and new teams and initiatives (such as the Scripture Restoration Collective) are growing larger and more connected everyday.

## Autosyneidesis

  Let's listen to our good passions and find ways of channeling our textual obsession to make meaningful contributions to the common good. 
  
  Let's be creative yet careful in machine-assisted modes of knowledge creation and curation, which are crucial for downstream analysis and research tasks.
  
  We are the ones who bridge the gap between good enough and gold (expert-checked) data, whether in terms of optical character recognition, handwritten character recognition, manuscript transitions, editions, translations, and morphosyntactical annotations.

# Introducing AGDTmini & CATnaPS
<br><br>

*Goal*

Let's make Greek morphology searches and morphologically tagged corpora simple, accessible, and phenomenologically citable<br>

 - data_code in {{< fa brands github >}} [AGDTmini](https://github.com/nauarchus/AGDTmini)
 - data_code in {{< fa brands github >}} [CATnaPS](https://github.com/nauarchus/CATnaPS)

# AGDTmini & CATnaPS: <br>at Rest and in Action
<br><br>

<center>Jupyter Notebook starter demos available in each repository ipynb subfolders!</center>