diff --git a/scripts/lib/resolve-catalog.test.ts b/scripts/lib/resolve-catalog.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ae9a2291157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/lib/resolve-catalog.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { assert, it } from "@effect/vitest";
+
+import { CatalogDependencyResolutionError, resolveCatalogDependencies } from "./resolve-catalog.ts";
+
+it("reports unresolved catalog dependencies with lookup context", () => {
+  try {
+    resolveCatalogDependencies({ effect: "catalog:runtime" }, {}, "apps/server");
+    assert.fail("Expected catalog resolution to fail.");
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.instanceOf(error, CatalogDependencyResolutionError);
+    assert.equal(error.workspacePackage, "apps/server");
+    assert.equal(error.dependencyName, "effect");
+    assert.equal(error.catalogSpec, "catalog:runtime");
+    assert.equal(error.catalogKey, "runtime");
+    assert.equal(
+      error.message,
+      "Unable to resolve 'catalog:runtime' for apps/server dependency 'effect'. Expected key 'runtime' in root workspace catalog.",
+    );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/scripts/lib/resolve-catalog.ts b/scripts/lib/resolve-catalog.ts
index 597bd06c24f..eb9d4cc78c8 100644
--- a/scripts/lib/resolve-catalog.ts
+++ b/scripts/lib/resolve-catalog.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+import * as Schema from "effect/Schema";
+
+export class CatalogDependencyResolutionError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<CatalogDependencyResolutionError>()(
+  "CatalogDependencyResolutionError",
+  {
+    workspacePackage: Schema.String,
+    dependencyName: Schema.String,
+    catalogSpec: Schema.String,
+    catalogKey: Schema.String,
+  },
+) {
+  override get message(): string {
+    return `Unable to resolve '${this.catalogSpec}' for ${this.workspacePackage} dependency '${this.dependencyName}'. Expected key '${this.catalogKey}' in root workspace catalog.`;
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Resolve `catalog:` dependency specs using the workspace catalog.
  *
@@ -7,7 +23,7 @@
 export function resolveCatalogDependencies(
   dependencies: Record<string, string>,
   catalog: Record<string, string>,
-  label: string,
+  workspacePackage: string,
 ): Record<string, string> {
   return Object.fromEntries(
     Object.entries(dependencies).map(([name, spec]) => {
@@ -20,9 +36,12 @@ export function resolveCatalogDependencies(
       const resolved = catalog[lookupKey];
 
       if (typeof resolved !== "string" || resolved.length === 0) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `Unable to resolve '${spec}' for ${label} dependency '${name}'. Expected key '${lookupKey}' in root workspace catalog.`,
-        );
+        throw new CatalogDependencyResolutionError({
+          workspacePackage,
+          dependencyName: name,
+          catalogSpec: spec,
+          catalogKey: lookupKey,
+        });
       }
 
       return [name, resolved];