Bluetooth Audio on Raspberry Pi Lite

(Yes, It Can Be Done)

Foreword: (dtd 20251124)
------------------------
This "recipe" was written for the 'bookworm' RPi OS distro. Consequently, its relevance is fading. In my case, I 
have recently upgraded my RPi 3A+ system from 'bookworm' to 'trixie' (ref 'In-Place Upgrade URL' below). The 
(mostly) positive experience from that in-place upgrade is that the Bluetooth functionality survived the upgrade! 
However, there has been at least one "negative": The BT speaker no longer automatically connects following a 
'reboot'; I'll troubleshoot this once I have some time. AFAIK now, the procedures in this recipe remain valid for 
a "fresh" 'trixie' install, but again I'll likely update/refresh/revise (or rewrite) this recipe after doing a 
fresh install. So - until then ...

In-Place Upgrade URL:
https://github.com/seamusdemora/PiFormulae/blob/master/InPlaceUpgrade-FromBookwormToTrixie.md

Any of you that have followed my misadventures on Stack Exchange will know that I have struggled off-and-on for years trying to get my Raspberry Pi OS 'Lite' to play audio over Bluetooth. This frustration came to a head during a dialog with the RPi staff on GitHub. This was (and is) a simple case of corporate irresponsibility! I got more than a little fed up with the nonsense from some of the Raspberry Pi maintainers. It wasn't an abusive exchange - but it was pointed. Pointed enough that I was "banned" from their GitHub site - apparently "for life". Wow!... This is one thin-skinned bunch of a**********s!

Raspberry Pi is unlike most other open-source projects - this organization makes a tidy profit from the sale of devices, and supporting their industrial customer base. Consequently, they have an obligation to support the items they sell! Imagine that you have a profitable business selling Raspberry Pi hardware. You should realize that part and parcel of that business is producing and maintaining a certain amount of software. But then you allow some of your employees to lord it over users/customers. IMO, their attitude is all wrong! Unlike many other open source projects, Raspberry Pi provides nothing for free! To close this brouhaha: I'm sick and tired of arses who refuse to support their own software product because they deem it to be "niche". <END OF RANT>

... So a bit of time has passed since that episode. As I reported a few days afterwards (in an earlier revision of this recipe), I managed to get pipewire, wireplumber (and assorted other dependencies) working! Yes... I was actually able to play music on an old 'JBL Flip5' BT speaker through my Raspberry Pi 3A+ "Lite" system!

Recently, I have managed to extend this success with Bluetooth:

Completed a fresh installation (documented herein) of pipewire (ver '0.3.65') on the latest RPi OS Lite (July 4, 2024) 'bookworm' on an RPi 3A+
I temporarily used bluez-alsa as a solution on my RPi Zero 2W 'bookworm, 64-bit'. It worked, but I found it less reliable than the pipewire installation. Consequently, I have amiably removed the section devoted to bluez-alsa in this recipe.
Most recently, have upgraded pipewire to ver. 1.2.1 on RPi Zero 2W 'bookworm' using Debian's bookworm-backports

I'll cover this in the sequel below.

SUMMARY:

of pipewire installation on RPi 3A+ under 'bookworm'

NOTE: (see DETAILS below for more information)

For those of you who want to get right down to business, following is a SUMMARY of the DETAILED procedures that follow:

1. Pair your speaker (or other device) with RPi using `bluetoothctl`

$ bluetoothctl
[bluetooth]# help <prints a brief command summary>
[bluetooth]# power on
[bluetooth]# pairable on
[bluetooth]# scan on
<< scanning begins, wait until your device (speaker, headphones) shows up, and then: >>
[bluetooth]# scan off
[bluetooth]# trust <device id; e.g. B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97>
[bluetooth]# pair <device id; e.g. B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97>
[bluetooth]# quit

2. Install `pipewire` packages (incl. `libspa-0.2-bluetooth`)

$ sudo apt install pipewire libspa-0.2-bluetooth

3. Modify `getty@tty1.service` [OPTIONAL, but recommended]

$ sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@tty1.service

FROM: 
   [Service]
   ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty -o '-p -- \\u' --noclear - $TERM
TO: 
   [Service]
   ExecStart=
   ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --autologin pi --noclear %I $TERM

4. `sudo reboot`

All the DETAILS:

Install and Configure `pipewire` under 'bookworm Lite'

Start with a fresh install of 'bookworm Lite'. I decided to start from scratch mainly to convince myself that I had not inadvertently installed or configured something that might have influenced the outcome; i.e. my thinking is that accidental success is worse than failure! Here are the detailed steps I followed:

1. Do the `bluetoothctl` rain dance

Before beginning the pipewire installation, I used the bluetoothctl package to:

scan & discover my 'JBL Flip5' BT speaker
"trust" & "pair" the Flip5 with the RPi3A BT controller

As I've written previously, using bluetoothctl is a grubby effort that seems (to me) a rather hit-or-miss exercise. It seems the most awkward part is getting the speaker to show up during the "scan". I also had some troubles getting the "trust" established as there were repeated "Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 not available" errors after the speaker was discovered during the "scan". In general, here's how I undertook the bluetoothctl rain dance:

$ bluetoothctl
Agent registered
[CHG] Controller B8:27:EB:F3:8A:58 Pairable: yes
[bluetooth]# help
# "help" lists a command summary
[bluetooth]# power on
Changing power on succeeded
[bluetooth]# pairable on
Changing pairable on succeeded
[bluetooth]# scan on
Discovery started
[CHG] Controller B8:27:EB:F3:8A:58 Discovering: yes
[NEW] Device 78:B8:B3:5A:49:CA 78-B8-B3-5A-49-CA
[NEW] Device 22:A2:77:3A:65:3B 22-A2-77-3A-65-3B
...
# blah, blah, blah; on and on and on... eventually, with some luck, you hit "paydirt"
...
[NEW] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 JBL Flip 5
...
[bluetooth]# scan off
Discovery stopped
...
[bluetooth]# trust B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 Trusted: yes
Changing B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 trust succeeded
[bluetooth]# pair B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97
Attempting to pair with B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 Connected: yes
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 Bonded: yes
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 UUIDs: 00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 UUIDs: 0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 UUIDs: 0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 UUIDs: 0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 ServicesResolved: yes
[CHG] Device B8:F6:53:9B:1A:97 Paired: yes
Pairing successful
...
# this is (AFAIK) as far as you can go w/ `bluetoothctl`, so next command is "quit"
...
[bluetooth]# quit

2. Install `pipewire`

The pipewire installation is straightforward. The apt install pulls in all but one of the required dependencies:

$ sudo apt update 
...
$ sudo apt install pipewire
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libasyncns0 libavahi-client3 liblilv-0-0 liblua5.3-0 libmp3lame0 libmpg123-0 libopus0 libpipewire-0.3-0 libpipewire-0.3-common
  libpipewire-0.3-modules libpulse0 libserd-0-0 libsndfile1 libsord-0-0 libspa-0.2-modules libsratom-0-0 libvorbisenc2
  libwebrtc-audio-processing1 libwireplumber-0.4-0 libx11-xcb1 pipewire-bin pipewire-pulse rtkit wireplumber
Suggested packages:
  opus-tools pulseaudio serdi sordi libspa-0.2-bluetooth pulseaudio-utils wireplumber-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libasyncns0 libavahi-client3 liblilv-0-0 liblua5.3-0 libmp3lame0 libmpg123-0 libopus0 libpipewire-0.3-0 libpipewire-0.3-common
  libpipewire-0.3-modules libpulse0 libserd-0-0 libsndfile1 libsord-0-0 libspa-0.2-modules libsratom-0-0 libvorbisenc2
  libwebrtc-audio-processing1 libwireplumber-0.4-0 libx11-xcb1 pipewire pipewire-bin pipewire-pulse rtkit wireplumber
0 upgraded, 25 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,871 kB of archives.
After this operation, 19.5 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y

...

$

Next, install two of the suggested packages: libspa-0.2-bluetooth and wireplumber-doc (only libspa-0.2-bluetooth is required):

$ sudo apt install libspa-0.2-bluetooth wireplumber-doc
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libfreeaptx0 liblc3-0 libldacbt-abr2 libldacbt-enc2 libsbc1
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libfreeaptx0 liblc3-0 libldacbt-abr2 libldacbt-enc2 libsbc1 libspa-0.2-bluetooth wireplumber-doc
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,474 kB of archives.
After this operation, 8,040 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y

...

$

Check the versions of pipewire & wireplumber - here's what I got on July 21, 2024:

$ pipewire --version
pipewire
Compiled with libpipewire 0.3.65
Linked with libpipewire 0.3.65 

$ wireplumber --version 
wireplumber
Compiled with libwireplumber 0.4.13
Linked with libwireplumber 0.4.13

A player is needed; I installed mpg123:

$ sudo apt install mpg123
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libaudio2 libice6 libjack-jackd2-0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libout123-0 libportaudio2 libsm6 libsndio7.0 libsyn123-0 libxt6 x11-common
Suggested packages:
  nas jackd2 sndiod jackd oss-compat oss4-base pulseaudio
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libaudio2 libice6 libjack-jackd2-0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libout123-0 libportaudio2 libsm6 libsndio7.0 libsyn123-0 libxt6 mpg123
  x11-common
0 upgraded, 13 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,906 kB of archives.
After this operation, 5,411 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y

...

$

Let's reboot to get everything re-started, and then check our systemd bluetooth.service:

$ sudo reboot

...

$ systemctl status bluetooth.service
● bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sun 2024-07-21 20:17:57 UTC; 11min ago
       Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)
   Main PID: 569 (bluetoothd)
     Status: "Running"
      Tasks: 1 (limit: 174)
        CPU: 202ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service
             └─569 /usr/libexec/bluetooth/bluetoothd

Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/aptx_ll_1
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/aptx_ll_0
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/aptx_ll_duplex_1
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/aptx_ll_duplex_0
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/faststream
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/faststream_duplex
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSink/opus_05
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/opus_05
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSink/opus_05_duplex
Jul 21 20:28:34 rpi3a bluetoothd[569]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.20 path=/MediaEndpoint/A2DPSource/opus_05_duplex

No complaints from systemd... will wonders never cease? Let's try to play some sounds:

$ $ nohup mpg123 --loop -1 rainstorm.mp3 &
[1] 835
$ nohup: ignoring input and appending output to 'nohup.out' 

# YES! We have the sound of 'rainstorm.mp3' coming from the speaker!

Let's check the pipewire.service and the wireplumber.service:

#NOTE: the '--user' option 
$ systemctl --user status pipewire
● pipewire.service - PipeWire Multimedia Service
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/user/pipewire.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sun 2024-07-21 22:40:34 UTC; 5h 44min ago
TriggeredBy: ● pipewire.socket
   Main PID: 723 (pipewire)
      Tasks: 3 (limit: 174)
        CPU: 52.651s
     CGroup: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/user@1000.service/session.slice/pipewire.service
             └─723 /usr/bin/pipewire

Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: mod.rt: RTKit error: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.AccessDenied
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: mod.rt: could not make thread 780 realtime using RTKit: Permission denied
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video14' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video15' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video21' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video22' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video14' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video15' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video21' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Jul 21 22:40:35 rpi3a pipewire[723]: spa.v4l2: '/dev/video22' VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS: Inappropriate ioctl for device

$ systemctl --user status wireplumber
● wireplumber.service - Multimedia Service Session Manager
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/user/wireplumber.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Mon 2024-07-22 04:28:56 UTC; 41s ago
   Main PID: 717 (wireplumber)
      Tasks: 5 (limit: 174)
        CPU: 1.264s
     CGroup: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/user@1000.service/session.slice/wireplumber.service
             └─717 /usr/bin/wireplumber

Jul 22 04:28:56 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: Can't find org.freedesktop.portal.Desktop. Is xdg-desktop-portal running?
Jul 22 04:28:56 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: RTKit error: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.AccessDenied
Jul 22 04:28:56 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: could not set nice-level to -11: Permission denied
Jul 22 04:28:56 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: SPA handle 'api.libcamera.enum.manager' could not be loaded; is it installed?
Jul 22 04:28:56 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: PipeWire's libcamera SPA missing or broken. libcamera not supported.
Jul 22 04:28:56 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: RTKit error: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.AccessDenied
Jul 22 04:28:56 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: could not make thread 757 realtime using RTKit: Permission denied
Jul 22 04:28:57 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: Trying to use legacy bluez5 API for LE Audio - only A2DP will be supported. Please upgrade bluez5.
Jul 22 04:28:57 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: <WpSiAudioAdapter:0x5580d0e060> Object activation aborted: proxy destroyed
Jul 22 04:28:57 rpi3a wireplumber[717]: <WpSiAudioAdapter:0x5580d0e060> failed to activate item: Object activation aborted: proxy destroyed

And so it seems that neither the pipewire nor wireplumber services are "happy". I currently have no idea what to do about that... but am very pleased that the BT audio seems to work quite well in spite of it!

3. Modify the `getty@tty1.service`

pipewire and wireplumber are under a systemd service file that runs in userland. The long and the short of that is that when the user who started these services logs off - they stop working - the audio "goes away". That may be inconvenient at times. Fortunately, there is a way around this problem: keep your user (presumably user pi) logged in under getty. Fortunately, this is fairly straightforward - or even unnecessary if you're happy stopping BT audio when you log off.

If you want to make this change, here's two ways to do it:

The "preferred" way to do it. Note that this method may protect your changes from apt upgrades:

sudo systemctl edit getty@tty1.service

The "other" way to do it. Note that some consider it "bad form" to edit the "main file" directly.

$ sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@tty1.service

Make the following changes:

FROM:

[Service]
...
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty -o '-p -- \\u' --noclear - $TERM

TO:

[Service]
...
#  ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty -o '-p -- \\u' --noclear - $TERM
ExecStart=
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --autologin pi --noclear %I $TERM

Save changes & reboot

The above changes simply add an autologin for user pi (or the user you've selected to run pipewire). After the reboot you can check that user pi has been logged in on tty1:

$ who
pi       tty1         1970-01-10 21:45
pi       pts/0        -3386239902218585523 (192.168.1.209)

Once you see your user listed on tty1, you may logout if you wish, and your music will continue to play!

An example Bluetooth setup

This section falls into the "for what it's worth" category (like many other sections here :) I wrote in a related recipe regarding a "reliability test" I performed on a then-new pipewire installation. This section describes a simple project that grew out of that testing: a "white-noise BT music player". I use it every night, and it seems to have helped me get more and better sleep! Following is a quick recipe:

Ingredients:

After performing Steps 1, 2 & 3 above:

Raspberry Pi Zero 2W, running 'bookworm-64 Lite'
A "white noise" file I named rainstorm.mp3 (thunderstorm recording originally found on YouTube)
A small BT speaker (OontZ Solo Bluetooth 5 watt mini-Speaker, ~$20)
"Custom Software" - shown below

Software:

_{NOTE for "Lite" users: The script below does not avoid the necessity of using bluetoothctl to initially "pair" and "trust" your Bluetooth speaker. This is a "one-time" requirement - one time per speaker, that is.}

a short bash script & installation of the mpg123 package:

$ nano start-storm.sh          # add the following lines, save & exit

#!/usr/bin/bash
sleep 5
if [ "$(/usr/bin/bluetoothctl devices Connected)" != "Device DF:45:E9:00:EB:DD OontZ Angle solo DS E8B" ]; then
    /usr/bin/bluetoothctl connect DF:45:E9:00:BE:8B
fi
sleep 1
/usr/bin/mpg123 --loop -1 /home/pi/rainstorm.mp3

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install mpg123

a one-line entry in the root crontb to start playing at reboot:

$ sudo crontab -e                # add the following line, save & exit 

@reboot su pi -l -c /home/pi/start-storm.sh > /home/pi/start-storm.log 2>&1

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Bluetooth Audio on Raspberry Pi Lite

(Yes, It Can Be Done)

ToC

SUMMARY:

NOTE: (see DETAILS below for more information)

1. Pair your speaker (or other device) with RPi using `bluetoothctl`

2. Install `pipewire` packages (incl. `libspa-0.2-bluetooth`)

3. Modify `getty@tty1.service` [OPTIONAL, but recommended]

4. `sudo reboot`

All the DETAILS:

Install and Configure `pipewire` under 'bookworm Lite'

1. Do the `bluetoothctl` rain dance

2. Install `pipewire`

3. Modify the `getty@tty1.service`

Make the following changes:

FROM:

TO:

Save changes & reboot

An example Bluetooth setup

Ingredients:

Software:

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Bluetooth-AudioForRaspberryPiLite.md

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Bluetooth Audio on Raspberry Pi Lite

(Yes, It Can Be Done)

ToC

SUMMARY:

NOTE: (see DETAILS below for more information)

1. Pair your speaker (or other device) with RPi using bluetoothctl

2. Install pipewire packages (incl. libspa-0.2-bluetooth)

3. Modify getty@tty1.service [OPTIONAL, but recommended]

4. sudo reboot

All the DETAILS:

Install and Configure pipewire under 'bookworm Lite'

1. Do the bluetoothctl rain dance

2. Install pipewire

3. Modify the getty@tty1.service

Make the following changes:

FROM:

TO:

Save changes & reboot

An example Bluetooth setup

Ingredients:

Software:

1. Pair your speaker (or other device) with RPi using `bluetoothctl`

2. Install `pipewire` packages (incl. `libspa-0.2-bluetooth`)

3. Modify `getty@tty1.service` [OPTIONAL, but recommended]

4. `sudo reboot`

Install and Configure `pipewire` under 'bookworm Lite'

1. Do the `bluetoothctl` rain dance

2. Install `pipewire`

3. Modify the `getty@tty1.service`