diff --git a/changes/3977.bugfix.md b/changes/3977.bugfix.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a8d9b4244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/3977.bugfix.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix flaky stateful test bookkeeping when `delete_dir` matches string prefixes instead of true directory descendants. Previously a path such as `6/faNT…` could be incorrectly removed when deleting `6/f`. (See [issue #3977](https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/issues/3977).)
diff --git a/src/zarr/testing/stateful.py b/src/zarr/testing/stateful.py
index d6c43f4ecc..78f6a9671b 100644
--- a/src/zarr/testing/stateful.py
+++ b/src/zarr/testing/stateful.py
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ def delete_dir(self, data: DataObject) -> None:
 
         matches = set()
         for node in self.all_groups | self.all_arrays:
-            if node.startswith(path):
+            if node == path or node.startswith(path + "/"):
                 matches.add(node)
         self.all_groups = self.all_groups - matches
         self.all_arrays = self.all_arrays - matches
diff --git a/tests/test_store/test_stateful.py b/tests/test_store/test_stateful.py
index 82b482d0ff..64deb50e97 100644
--- a/tests/test_store/test_stateful.py
+++ b/tests/test_store/test_stateful.py
@@ -49,3 +49,25 @@ def mk_test_instance_sync() -> ZarrStoreStateMachine:
         # But LocalStore, directories can hang around even after a key is delete-d.
         pytest.skip(reason="Test isn't suitable for LocalStore.")
     run_state_machine_as_test(mk_test_instance_sync)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+
+
+def test_delete_dir_prefix_matching() -> None:
+    """Regression test for delete_dir prefix matching bug (GH#3977).
+
+    Verifies that delete_dir bookkeeping only removes exact path matches
+    and true descendants, not unrelated nodes that merely share a string
+    prefix (e.g. ``6/faNT…`` must NOT be deleted when removing ``6/f``).
+    """
+    all_groups = {"6/f", "6/faNT7p7jvJsO3_C._HYi", "other"}
+    all_arrays = {"6/f/child", "6/other"}
+    path = "6/f"
+
+    matches = set()
+    for node in all_groups | all_arrays:
+        if node == path or node.startswith(path + "/"):
+            matches.add(node)
+
+    assert matches == {"6/f", "6/f/child"}
+    assert "6/faNT7p7jvJsO3_C._HYi" not in matches
+    assert "other" not in matches
+    assert "6/other" not in matches