compiler: implement destructuring syntax

This change implements the following syntax into the compiler:

```zig
const x: u32, var y, foo.bar = .{ 1, 2, 3 };
```

A destructure expression may only appear within a block (i.e. not at
comtainer scope). The LHS consists of a sequence of comma-separated var
decls and/or lvalue expressions. The RHS is a normal expression.

A new result location type, `destructure`, is used, which contains
result pointers for each component of the destructure. This means that
when the RHS is a more complicated expression, peer type resolution is
not used: each result value is individually destructured and written to
the result pointers. RLS is always used for destructure expressions,
meaning every `const` on the LHS of such an expression creates a true
stack allocation.

Aside from anonymous array literals, Sema is capable of destructuring
the following types:
* Tuples
* Arrays
* Vectors

A destructure may be prefixed with the `comptime` keyword, in which case
the entire destructure is evaluated at comptime: this means all `var`s
in the LHS are `comptime var`s, every lvalue expression is evaluated at
comptime, and the RHS is evaluated at comptime. If every LHS is a
`const`, this is not allowed: as with single declarations, the user
should instead mark the RHS as `comptime`.

There are a few subtleties in the grammar changes here. For one thing,
if every LHS is an lvalue expression (rather than a var decl), a
destructure is considered an expression. This makes, for instance,
`if (cond) x, y = .{ 1, 2 };` valid Zig code. A destructure is allowed
in almost every context where a standard assignment expression is
permitted. The exception is `switch` prongs, which cannot be
destructures as the comma is ambiguous with the end of the prong.

A follow-up commit will begin utilizing this syntax in the Zig compiler.

Resolves: #498

Author: mlugg

lib/std/zig/Ast.zig

@@ -241,6 +241,11 @@ pub fn renderError(tree: Ast, parse_error: Error, stream: anytype) !void {
                 token_tags[parse_error.token + @intFromBool(parse_error.token_is_prev)].symbol(),
             });
         },
+        .expected_expr_or_var_decl => {
+            return stream.print("expected expression or var decl, found '{s}'", .{
+                token_tags[parse_error.token + @intFromBool(parse_error.token_is_prev)].symbol(),
+            });
+        },
         .expected_fn => {
             return stream.print("expected function, found '{s}'", .{
                 token_tags[parse_error.token + @intFromBool(parse_error.token_is_prev)].symbol(),
@@ -584,6 +589,13 @@ pub fn firstToken(tree: Ast, node: Node.Index) TokenIndex {
         .error_union,
         => n = datas[n].lhs,
 
+        .assign_destructure => {
+            const extra_idx = datas[n].lhs;
+            const lhs_len = tree.extra_data[extra_idx];
+            assert(lhs_len > 0);
+            n = tree.extra_data[extra_idx + 1];
+        },
+
         .fn_decl,
         .fn_proto_simple,
         .fn_proto_multi,
@@ -816,6 +828,7 @@ pub fn lastToken(tree: Ast, node: Node.Index) TokenIndex {
         .assign_add_sat,
         .assign_sub_sat,
         .assign,
+        .assign_destructure,
         .merge_error_sets,
         .mul,
         .div,
@@ -2846,6 +2859,7 @@ pub const Error = struct {
         expected_container_members,
         expected_expr,
         expected_expr_or_assignment,
+        expected_expr_or_var_decl,
         expected_fn,
         expected_inlinable,
         expected_labelable,
@@ -3006,6 +3020,20 @@ pub const Node = struct {
         assign_sub_sat,
         /// `lhs = rhs`. main_token is op.
         assign,
+        /// `a, b, ... = rhs`. main_token is op. lhs is index into `extra_data`
+        /// of an lhs elem count followed by an array of that many `Node.Index`,
+        /// with each node having one of the following types:
+        /// * `global_var_decl`
+        /// * `local_var_decl`
+        /// * `simple_var_decl`
+        /// * `aligned_var_decl`
+        /// * Any expression node
+        /// The first 3 types correspond to a `var` or `const` lhs node (note
+        /// that their `rhs` is always 0). An expression node corresponds to a
+        /// standard assignment LHS (which must be evaluated as an lvalue).
+        /// There may be a preceding `comptime` token, which does not create a
+        /// corresponding `comptime` node so must be manually detected.
+        assign_destructure,
         /// `lhs || rhs`. main_token is the `||`.
         merge_error_sets,
         /// `lhs * rhs`. main_token is the `*`.