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cartman_nabana edited this page Mar 11, 2022 · 40 revisions

Welcome to the PLHTML wiki!

Practical Logic HTML

Introduction

This is a project thinking to deal HTML more logically with natural language(English, Japanese, emoji, Elvish, or etc.., may even be a mixture of them).

Any suggestions or comments are welcome!✍🙆

Goals of this project

small goal1: automatically drawing argument diagrams with "logic tag" like html

small goal2: automatically drawing argument's skeleton diagrams

Tools that may help visualize logics

Basics of Practical logic

Logical argument 論証

fig: https://github.com/Cartman0/PLHTML/blob/main/wiki/img/mermaid/fig_naive_argument.md

mermaid code: 
graph TD;
    P["premise（前提・根拠）"]-- "derivation（導出）" -->C["conclusion（帰結・結論）"];

There are mainly 3 types in argument structures:

  • (a) single argument （単純論証）
  • (b) linked argument （結合論証）
  • (c) convergent argument （合流論証）

Iyad Rahwan, "Mass argumentation and the Semantic Web", 2008, Fig3.Common basic argument structures.

⚠️ There is also a "divergent argument", but it is omitted. Because we can think that there are multiple single argument.

Single argument （単純論証）

example of sentences:

  • Because A, B.
  • B. Because A.
  • A, so B.
  • If A, then B.

Linked argument （結合論証）

Convergent argument （合流論証）

Derivation 導出

There are mainly 2 types in derivation:

  • presumption （推測）
  • deduction （演繹）

Indirect argument （間接論証）

  • direct argument（直接論証）: arguments that premises derives directly a conclusion.
  • indirect argument （間接論証）: arguments that making some assumption, thinking the conclusion derived from it, then concluding the acceptance or rejection of it.

Logical argument including assumption 仮定を含む論証

Logical arguments including assumption are very similar to proof by contradiction. But we are not limited it to a mathematical proof by contradiction here.

Examples
Example1: G「No problem.」

one scene of dragon ball z

  • B「Mom and dad will be killed!」
  • G「(No problem.) The Dragon Balls'll bring them back to life.」

Akira Toriyama, "Dragon Ball Z, Vol. 24: Hercule to the Rescue (English Edition)", chapter279, VIZ Media: SHONEN JUMP, ASIN: ‎B00FDZETKO

⚠️ Goku's quote with round brackets has been omitted in English edition, perhaps due to character number per 1 frame.

First, we number each sentence.

  • (1)Mom and dad will be killed.
  • (2)No problem.
  • (3)The Dragon Balls'll bring them back to life.

(3) includs the meaning to 'we use the Dragon ball.'. I.e. (if we use the Dragon ball), 'the Dragon Balls'll bring them back to life.'. We also number this sentence.

  • (3)-1: We use the Dragon ball.
  • (3)-2: The Dragon Balls'll bring them back to life.

Next, try to draw a argument diagram for this argument.

fig: https://github.com/Cartman0/PLHTML/blob/main/wiki/img/e.g.dragonball/argument_diagram.md

mermaid code: 
graph TD
  A[/"Assuming that (1)'Mom and dad will be killed.'"\];
  B["(1)"];
  A-->B;
  C["(3)-1: 'We use the Dragon ball.'"];
  D["(3)-2: 'The Dragon Balls'll bring them back to life.'"];
  B-->C-->D;
  E[\"End of assumption"/];
  D-->E;
  F["(2)'No problem.'"];
  E-->F;

Even though Goku assumes (1), he concludes (2) from premise (3)-2.

Counterarguments (反論)

Counterarguments are 2 type.

  • To criticism 批判する
  • To disagree 異論を唱える

Argument diagrams is Network Graph?

we can think argument diagram like Network graph ? For example:

  • if the premise(A) in linked arguments (A->B->C) is invalid, B and C are also invalid.
    Then, if we think it like network graph, node A has cut (or cut edge A-> B), indegree of B changes 1 to 0, can node B?

Reference

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