[Due for payment 2025-09-02] Cards without last 4 show a dandling dot separator

[luacmartins]

Cards without last 4 still show a dangling dot separator which looks broken

[luacmartins]

This is deployed to staging. No payments required.

[melvin-bot]

Reviewing label has been removed, please complete the "BugZero Checklist".

[melvin-bot]

The solution for this issue has been 🚀 deployed to production 🚀 in version 9.1.98-12 and is now subject to a 7-day regression period 📆. Here is the list of pull requests that resolve this issue:

• Fix dandling dot #68868

If no regressions arise, payment will be issued on 2025-09-02. 🎊