Awesome-Audio-Watermarking-Papers

A collection list for audio watermarking papers

I categorize these papers into three types: Post-Processing, Generative, and Benchmark / Surveys

Post-Processing: These papers mainly focus on how to hide more imperceptive and robust watermark into audio and ensure capacity of information.

Generative: These papers mainlt focus on how to let generative models (e.g. text-to-speech models) directly generate audios with watermark.

Benchmark / Surveys: Some benchmark and survey papers on some specific technique or area.

Year	Venue	Title	Type	Paper	Code
2023	ArXiv	WavMark: Watermarking for Audio Generation	Post-Processing	Paper	Code
2024	NeurIPS	AudioMarkBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Audio Watermarking	Benchmark	Paper	Code
2024	ICML	Proactive Detection of Voice Cloning with Localized Watermarking (AudioSeal)	Generative	Paper	Code
2024	Interspeech	TraceableSpeech: Towards Proactively Traceable Text-to-Speech with Watermarking	Generative	Paper	Code
2025	Interspeech	WAKE: Watermarking Audio with Key Enrichment	Post-Processing	Paper	-
2025	ICML	XAttnMark: Learning Robust Audio Watermarking with Cross-Attention	Post-Processing	Paper	Code
2025	ArXiv	GenMark: An Embedded Watermarking Scheme for Generative Audio Synthesis	Generative	Paper	Code
2025	ArXiv	SoK: How Robust is Audio Watermarking in Generative AI models?	Benchmark	Paper	Code

Post-Processing

WavMark: Watermarking for Audio Generation

ArXiv 2023

Guangyu Chen, Yu Wu, Shujie Liu, Tao Liu, Xiaoyong Du, Furu Wei

• Early neural audio watermark baseline

• Use invertible neural networks (INN) to add watermark in the STFT domain

• Bias the audio branch via message-conditioned coupling, with 32-bit payload per 1-second audio segment

Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.12770

Code: https://github.com/wavmark/wavmark

WAKE: Watermarking Audio with Key Enrichment

Interspeech 2025

Yaoxun Xu, Jianwei Yu, Hangting Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Xixin Wu, Dong Yu, Rongzhi Gu, Yi Luo

• Key Enrichment: message + secret key $\rightarrow$ enriched watermark
• Add authentication inot into the watermark

Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.05891

XAttnMark: Learning Robust Audio Watermarking with Cross-Attention

ICML 2025

Yixin Liu, Lie Lu, Jihui Jin, Lichao Sun, Andrea Fanelli

• audio feature $\rightarrow$ cross-attention (message embedding) $\rightarrow$ watermarked audio
• More robust to complex attack

Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04230

Code: https://liuyixin-louis.github.io/xattnmark/

Generative

Proactive Detection of Voice Cloning with Localized Watermarking (AudioSeal)

ICML 2024

Robin San Roman, Pierre Fernandez, Hady Elsahar, Alexandre Défossez, Teddy Furon, Tuan Tran

• Active method for AI voice detection (voice cloning detection)
• Localized Watermark: Watermark distributed in local time frames

Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.17264

Code: https://github.com/facebookresearch/audioseal

TraceableSpeech: Towards Proactively Traceable Text-to-Speech with Watermarking

InterSpeech 2024

Junzuo Zhou, Jiangyan Yi, Tao Wang, Jianhua Tao, Ye Bai, Chu Yuan Zhang, Yong Ren, Zhengqi Wen

Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.04840

Code: https://github.com/zjzser/TraceableSpeech

GenMark: An Embedded Watermarking Scheme for Generative Audio Synthesis

ArXiv 2025

Zihao Zhang, Wenlong Meng, Chen Gong, Guo Zhenyuan, Kui Su, Zunlei Feng, Chengkun Wei, Wenzhi Chen

• Embedding Watermark: Integrate watermark imbedding in the diffusion / generative pipeline
• More stable and less removable watermark

Paper: https://openreview.net/pdf?id=x9I1V6JY0r

Code: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Gen-Mark-1F27/README.md

Benchmark / Surveys

AudioMarkBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Audio Watermarking

NeurIPS 2024 Track on Datasets and Benchmarks

Hongbin Liu, Moyang Guo, Zhengyuan Jiang, Lun Wang, Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Introduce a unified benchmarking pipeline that simulates diverse real-world and adversarial audio transformations and evaluates watermark extraction reliability using BER-based statistical analysis and robustness curves across attack intensities.

Paper: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/5d9b7775296a641a1913ab6b4425d5e8-Paper-Datasets_and_Benchmarks_Track.pdf

Code: https://github.com/mileskuo42/AudioMarkBench

SoK: How Robust is Audio Watermarking in Generative AI models?

ArXiv 2025

Yizhu Wen, Ashwin Innuganti, Aaron Bien Ramos, Hanqing Guo, Qiben Yan

Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.19176

Code: https://sokaudiowm.github.io/