feat: replace string-based errors with named error classes for better error handling

.changeset/short-dingos-raise.md

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+---
+"@tanstack/trailbase-db-collection": patch
+"@tanstack/electric-db-collection": patch
+"@tanstack/query-db-collection": patch
+"@tanstack/db": patch
+---
+
+feat: Replace string-based errors with named error classes for better error handling
+
+This comprehensive update replaces all string-based error throws throughout the TanStack DB codebase with named error classes, providing better type safety and developer experience.
+
+## New Features
+
+- **Root `TanStackDBError` class** - all errors inherit from a common base for unified error handling
+- **Named error classes** organized by package and functional area
+- **Type-safe error handling** using `instanceof` checks instead of string matching
+- **Package-specific error definitions** - each adapter has its own error classes
+- **Better IDE support** with autocomplete for error types
+
+## Package Structure
+
+### Core Package (`@tanstack/db`)
+
+Contains generic errors used across the ecosystem:
+
+- Collection configuration, state, and operation errors
+- Transaction lifecycle and mutation errors
+- Query building, compilation, and execution errors
+- Storage and serialization errors
+
+### Adapter Packages
+
+Each adapter now exports its own specific error classes:
+
+- **`@tanstack/electric-db-collection`**: Electric-specific errors
+- **`@tanstack/trailbase-db-collection`**: TrailBase-specific errors
+- **`@tanstack/query-db-collection`**: Query collection specific errors
+
+## Breaking Changes
+
+- Error handling code using string matching will need to be updated to use `instanceof` checks
+- Some error messages may have slight formatting changes
+- Adapter-specific errors now need to be imported from their respective packages
+
+## Migration Guide
+
+### Core DB Errors
+
+**Before:**
+
+```ts
+try {
+  collection.insert(data)
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error.message.includes("already exists")) {
+    // Handle duplicate key error
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**After:**
+
+```ts
+import { DuplicateKeyError } from "@tanstack/db"
+
+try {
+  collection.insert(data)
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof DuplicateKeyError) {
+    // Type-safe error handling
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Adapter-Specific Errors
+
+**Before:**
+
+```ts
+// Electric collection errors were imported from @tanstack/db
+import { ElectricInsertHandlerMustReturnTxIdError } from "@tanstack/db"
+```
+
+**After:**
+
+```ts
+// Now import from the specific adapter package
+import { ElectricInsertHandlerMustReturnTxIdError } from "@tanstack/electric-db-collection"
+```
+
+### Unified Error Handling
+
+**New:**
+
+```ts
+import { TanStackDBError } from "@tanstack/db"
+
+try {
+  // Any TanStack DB operation
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof TanStackDBError) {
+    // Handle all TanStack DB errors uniformly
+    console.log("TanStack DB error:", error.message)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Benefits
+
+- **Type Safety**: All errors now have specific types that can be caught with `instanceof`
+- **Unified Error Handling**: Root `TanStackDBError` class allows catching all library errors with a single check
+- **Better Package Separation**: Each adapter manages its own error types
+- **Developer Experience**: Better IDE support with autocomplete for error types
+- **Maintainability**: Error definitions are co-located with their usage
+- **Consistency**: Uniform error handling patterns across the entire codebase
+
+All error classes maintain the same error messages and behavior while providing better structure and package separation.

docs/error-handling.md

@@ -9,6 +9,19 @@ TanStack DB provides comprehensive error handling capabilities to ensure robust
 
 ## Error Types
 
+TanStack DB provides named error classes for better error handling and type safety. All error classes can be imported from `@tanstack/db` (or more commonly, the framework-specific package e.g. `@tanstack/react-db`):
+
+```ts
+import {
+  SchemaValidationError,
+  CollectionInErrorStateError,
+  DuplicateKeyError,
+  MissingHandlerError,
+  TransactionError,
+  // ... and many more
+} from "@tanstack/db"
+```
+
 ### SchemaValidationError
 
 Thrown when data doesn't match the collection's schema during insert or update operations:
@@ -168,10 +181,12 @@ try {
 Collections in an `error` state cannot perform operations and must be manually recovered:
 
 ```ts
+import { CollectionInErrorStateError } from "@tanstack/db"
+
 try {
   todoCollection.insert(newTodo)
 } catch (error) {
-  if (error.message.includes("collection is in error state")) {
+  if (error instanceof CollectionInErrorStateError) {
     // Collection needs to be cleaned up and restarted
     await todoCollection.cleanup()
 
@@ -202,10 +217,14 @@ todoCollection.insert(newTodo)
 Inserting items with existing keys will throw:
 
 ```ts
+import { DuplicateKeyError } from "@tanstack/db"
+
 try {
   todoCollection.insert({ id: "existing-id", text: "Todo" })
 } catch (error) {
-  // Error: Cannot insert document with ID "existing-id" because it already exists in the collection
+  if (error instanceof DuplicateKeyError) {
+    console.log(`Duplicate key: ${error.message}`)
+  }
 }
 ```
 
@@ -384,16 +403,31 @@ tx.rollback() // Error: You can no longer call .rollback() as the transaction is
 
 ## Best Practices
 
-1. **Always handle SchemaValidationError** - Provide clear feedback for validation failures
-2. **Check collection status** - Use `isError`, `isLoading`, `isReady` flags in React components
-3. **Handle transaction promises** - Always handle `isPersisted.promise` rejections
+1. **Use instanceof checks** - Use `instanceof` instead of string matching for error handling:
+   ```ts
+   // ✅ Good - type-safe error handling
+   if (error instanceof SchemaValidationError) {
+     // Handle validation error
+   }
+
+   // ❌ Avoid - brittle string matching  
+   if (error.message.includes("validation failed")) {
+     // Handle validation error
+   }
+   ```
+
+2. **Import specific error types** - Import only the error classes you need for better tree-shaking
+3. **Always handle SchemaValidationError** - Provide clear feedback for validation failures
+4. **Check collection status** - Use `isError`, `isLoading`, `isReady` flags in React components
+5. **Handle transaction promises** - Always handle `isPersisted.promise` rejections
 
 ## Example: Complete Error Handling
 
 ```tsx
 import { 
   createCollection, 
   SchemaValidationError,
+  DuplicateKeyError,
   createTransaction
 } from "@tanstack/db"
 import { useLiveQuery } from "@tanstack/react-db"
@@ -442,7 +476,7 @@ const TodoApp = () => {
     } catch (error) {
       if (error instanceof SchemaValidationError) {
         alert(`Validation error: ${error.issues[0]?.message}`)
-      } else if (error.message?.includes("already exists")) {
+      } else if (error instanceof DuplicateKeyError) {
         alert("A todo with this ID already exists")
       } else {
         alert(`Failed to add todo: ${error.message}`)