feat(@angular/cli): support TypeScript 2.4

[filipesilva]

This PR doesn't change new projects to use 2.4 since I have seen some reports of possible problems in @angular/*.

Instead, it:

• removes the dependency restrictions on <2.3
• bumps related dependencies (rxjs@^5.4.2, ts-node@~3.2.0) to the minimum that supports 2.4
• builds the CLI itself using 2.4

So if you want to install ts 2.4 in your new project, the CLI itself won't stop you.

Fix #6827

[filipesilva]

Followup from #6891, had to close it because the CLA check bugged.

[filipesilva]

Fiddled around with the const mkdir = denodeify(fs.mkdir); problem, couldn't get to a solution.

Following @clydin's recommendation I tried using denodeify as a generic, and doing const mkdir = denodeify<string, void>(fs.mkdir);. But this doesn't seem to be enough, the types of the callbacks don't seem to match.

I'll leave it as is for now and try to fix the typings later on.

[kuncevic]

interesting, angular cli supports typescript 2.4 but angular is not, yet angular/angular#18454

[filipesilva]

Not so much 'supports' as 'doesn't stop you from trying to use it' :p

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