feat(ripple): support animation duration overwrites

[devversion]

• Adds a new option to the ripples that allows developers to have a better control of the animation (all ripples, or even individual ripples).

• Deprecates the matRippleSpeedFactor in favor of the matRippleAnimation binding that accepts a RippleAnimationConfig. The configuration is more explicit, clean and not confusing as the speedFactor.

• To provide a more user-friendly launch() method API, the passed ripple config will extend the default ripple config from the MatRipple instance (removes unnecessary bloat; requested in Proposal: Provide public access to a button's ripple #4179 (comment))

• Disables ripples for most of the demo buttons in the ripple demo (allows better debugging; when pressing the buttons)

Text from the ripple overview (Disabling animation)

The animation of ripples can be disabled by using the animation global option. If the
enterDuration and exitDuration is being set to 0, ripples will just appear without any
animation.

This is specifically useful in combination with the disabled global option, because globally
disabling ripples won't affect the focus indicator ripples. If someone still wants to disable
those ripples for performance reasons, the duration can be set to 0, to remove the ripple feel.

const globalRippleConfig: RippleGlobalOptions = {
  disabled: true,
  animation: {
    enterDuration: 0,
    exitDuration: 0
  }
};

[jelbourn]

Could you expand the comment a bit more to describe what constitutes "enter animation" and "exit animation"?

[devversion]

Done.

[jelbourn]

LGTM

[jelbourn]

@devversion passes Google presubmit, just needs rebase

[devversion]

@jelbourn Done.

[jelbourn]

@devversion can you rebase again? Conflicted with your other PR for radio buttons that got merged first

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