[C++] Add hash-join support for large-offset types (e.g. large_string) and dictionary encoded types to the new hash-join impl

[asfimport]

The current proposal for the improved hash-join does not support using large binary types (those with 8 byte offsets) or dictionary types as key columns. We should support those.

Reporter: Weston Pace / @westonpace

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-16224. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

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