[C++][FlightRPC][ODBC] Fix inconsistent values in SQLGetInfo in global connection

[alinaliBQ]

Describe the enhancement requested

When tests use a global connection, it is revealed that ODBC flightsql-odbc backend has a bug where SQLGetInfo returns inconsistent values for these 3 attributes:

• SQL_CATALOG_LOCATION
• SQL_DROP_TABLE
• SQL_DROP_SCHEMA

Test case with SQL_CATALOG_LOCATION is reproducible on remote OS Dremio instance, and test cases SQL_DROP_TABLE, and SQL_DROP_SCHEMA are reproducible on mock server

Code to reproduce:

arrow/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/connection_info_test.cc

Lines 584 to 589 in dbbf7cf

	TYPED_TEST(ConnectionInfoTest, TestSQLGetInfoCatalogLocation) {
	SQLUSMALLINT value;
	GetInfo(this->conn, SQL_CATALOG_LOCATION, &value);
	EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(0), value);
	}

arrow/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/connection_info_test.cc

Lines 710 to 715 in dbbf7cf

	TYPED_TEST(ConnectionInfoTest, TestSQLGetInfoDropSchema) {
	SQLUINTEGER value;
	GetInfo(this->conn, SQL_DROP_SCHEMA, &value);
	EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<SQLUINTEGER>(0), value);
	}

arrow/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/connection_info_test.cc

Lines 717 to 722 in dbbf7cf

	TYPED_TEST(ConnectionInfoTest, TestSQLGetInfoDropTable) {
	SQLUINTEGER value;
	GetInfo(this->conn, SQL_DROP_TABLE, &value);
	EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<SQLUINTEGER>(0), value);
	}

Parent issue: #30622

Component(s)

C++, FlightRPC