bug: CAST string to integer does not handle all invalid inputs

[andygrove]

Describe the bug

PR #426 improved the fuzz testing in CometCastSuite and found a new issue with CAST from string to integer. Tests have been ignored and those casts marked as incompatible.

This issue is to reinstate the tests, mark as compatible, and fix the failures.

Steps to reproduce

No response

Expected behavior

No response

Additional context

No response

[vaibhawvipul]

I am working on this.