THRIFT-5909: Add Ruby to the GitHub workflow

[kpumuk]

This PR adds Ruby library to the GitHub workflow. Build matrix includes Ruby versions 2.7 and up, but does not include jruby or truffleruby (yet) - only MRI.

The following changes need to be merged before this as they fail the tests:

• THRIFT-5906: Remove Fixnum references to support modern Ruby versions #3249
• THRIFT-5909: Fixed '#to_io gives NilClass' error #3266
• THRIFT-5909: Fixed make check for Ruby library #3270

I have included both changes in this PR, and will rebase once they are merged.

• Did you create an Apache Jira ticket? THRIFT-5909
• If a ticket exists: Does your pull request title follow the pattern "THRIFT-NNNN: describe my issue"?
• Did you squash your changes to a single commit? (not required, but preferred)
• Did you do your best to avoid breaking changes? If one was needed, did you label the Jira ticket with "Breaking-Change"?
• If your change does not involve any code, include [skip ci] anywhere in the commit message to free up build resources.