feat(parameters): enhance thread safety with immutable cache and atom…

…ic operations

- Replace mutable CacheObject properties with immutable read-only fields to prevent concurrent modification issues
- Change CacheManager.Set() to use atomic AddOrUpdate instead of TryGetValue/TryAdd pattern for thread-safe cache updates
- Convert CacheObject to sealed class and make Value and ExpiryTime properties read-only
- Replace nullable TimeSpan _defaultMaxAge with long _defaultMaxAgeTicks for Interlocked compatibility
- Convert _raiseTransformationError from bool to volatile int for Interlocked operations
- Mark _cache and _transformManager fields as volatile to ensure visibility across threads
- Use Interlocked.Exchange and Interlocked.Read for atomic access to _defaultMaxAgeTicks
- Add comprehensive concurrency tests for cache thread safety, parameter retrieval, async context, and transformer operations
- Update InternalsVisibleTo to expose new test helpers for concurrency testing
- Ensures Parameters module is safe for concurrent access in multi-threaded Lambda environments

libraries/src/AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters/Internal/Cache/CacheManager.cs

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ internal CacheManager(IDateTimeWrapper dateTimeWrapper)
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Adds a value to the cache by key for a specific duration. 
+    /// Uses atomic AddOrUpdate to ensure thread-safety during concurrent access.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="key">The key to store the value.</param>
     /// <param name="value">The value to store.</param>
@@ -75,14 +76,11 @@ public void Set(string key, object? value, TimeSpan duration)
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(key) || value is null)
             return;
 
-        if (_cache.TryGetValue(key, out var cacheObject))
-        {
-            cacheObject.Value = value;
-            cacheObject.ExpiryTime = _dateTimeWrapper.UtcNow.Add(duration);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            _cache.TryAdd(key, new CacheObject(value, _dateTimeWrapper.UtcNow.Add(duration)));
-        }
+        // Use AddOrUpdate for atomic operation - creates new immutable CacheObject instances
+        // instead of mutating existing ones to ensure thread-safety
+        _cache.AddOrUpdate(
+            key,
+            _ => new CacheObject(value, _dateTimeWrapper.UtcNow.Add(duration)),
+            (_, _) => new CacheObject(value, _dateTimeWrapper.UtcNow.Add(duration)));
     }
 }

libraries/src/AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters/Internal/Cache/CacheObject.cs

@@ -17,18 +17,19 @@ namespace AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters.Internal.Cache;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Class CacheObject.
+/// Immutable class to ensure thread-safety when cached values are accessed concurrently.
 /// </summary>
-internal class CacheObject
+internal sealed class CacheObject
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// The value to cache.
     /// </summary>
-    internal object Value { get; set; }
+    internal object Value { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The expiry time.
     /// </summary>
-    internal DateTime ExpiryTime { get; set; }
+    internal DateTime ExpiryTime { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// CacheObject constructor.

libraries/src/AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters/Internal/Provider/ParameterProviderBaseHandler.cs

@@ -40,23 +40,29 @@ internal class ParameterProviderBaseHandler : IParameterProviderBaseHandler
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The CacheManager instance.
+    /// Thread-safe: volatile ensures visibility across threads.
     /// </summary>
-    private ICacheManager? _cache;
+    private volatile ICacheManager? _cache;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The TransformerManager instance.
+    /// Thread-safe: volatile ensures visibility across threads.
     /// </summary>
-    private ITransformerManager? _transformManager;
+    private volatile ITransformerManager? _transformManager;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// The DefaultMaxAge.
+    /// The DefaultMaxAge stored as ticks for thread-safe access.
+    /// Thread-safe: accessed via Interlocked operations.
+    /// A value of 0 indicates null/not set.
     /// </summary>
-    private TimeSpan? _defaultMaxAge;
+    private long _defaultMaxAgeTicks;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The flag to raise exception on transformation error.
+    /// Thread-safe: volatile ensures visibility across threads.
+    /// Using int (0/1) instead of bool for Interlocked compatibility.
     /// </summary>
-    private bool _raiseTransformationError;
+    private volatile int _raiseTransformationError;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The CacheMode.
@@ -100,6 +106,7 @@ internal ParameterProviderBaseHandler(GetAsyncDelegate getAsyncHandler,
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Try transform a value using a transformer.
+    /// Thread-safe: reads volatile field for raise error flag.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="transformer">The transformer instance to use.</param>
     /// <param name="value">The value to transform.</param>
@@ -121,7 +128,7 @@ internal ParameterProviderBaseHandler(GetAsyncDelegate getAsyncHandler,
             catch (Exception e)
             {
                 transformedValue = default;
-                if (_raiseTransformationError)
+                if (_raiseTransformationError != 0)
                 {
                     if (e is not TransformationException error)
                         error = new TransformationException(e.Message, e);
@@ -140,32 +147,37 @@ internal ParameterProviderBaseHandler(GetAsyncDelegate getAsyncHandler,
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Sets the cache maximum age.
+    /// Thread-safe: uses Interlocked for atomic write.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="maxAge">The cache maximum age </param>
     public void SetDefaultMaxAge(TimeSpan maxAge)
     {
-        _defaultMaxAge = maxAge;
+        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _defaultMaxAgeTicks, maxAge.Ticks);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the maximum age or default value.
+    /// Thread-safe: uses Interlocked for atomic read.
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>the maxAge</returns>
     public TimeSpan? GetDefaultMaxAge()
     {
-        return _defaultMaxAge;
+        var ticks = Interlocked.Read(ref _defaultMaxAgeTicks);
+        return ticks > 0 ? TimeSpan.FromTicks(ticks) : null;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the maximum age or default value.
+    /// Thread-safe: uses Interlocked for atomic read.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="config"></param>
     /// <returns>the maxAge</returns>
     public TimeSpan GetMaxAge(ParameterProviderConfiguration? config)
     {
         var maxAge = config?.MaxAge;
         if (maxAge.HasValue && maxAge.Value > TimeSpan.Zero) return maxAge.Value;
-        if (_defaultMaxAge.HasValue && _defaultMaxAge.Value > TimeSpan.Zero) return _defaultMaxAge.Value;
+        var defaultMaxAgeTicks = Interlocked.Read(ref _defaultMaxAgeTicks);
+        if (defaultMaxAgeTicks > 0) return TimeSpan.FromTicks(defaultMaxAgeTicks);
         return CacheManager.DefaultMaxAge;
     }
 
@@ -208,11 +220,12 @@ public void AddCustomTransformer(string name, ITransformer transformer)
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Configure the transformer to raise exception or return Null on transformation error
+    /// Thread-safe: uses volatile field for visibility.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="raiseError">true for raise error, false for return Null.</param>
     public void SetRaiseTransformationError(bool raiseError)
     {
-        _raiseTransformationError = raiseError;
+        _raiseTransformationError = raiseError ? 1 : 0;
     }
 
     /// <summary>

libraries/src/AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters/Internal/Transform/TransformerManager.cs

@@ -24,9 +24,12 @@ namespace AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters.Internal.Transform;
 internal class TransformerManager : ITransformerManager
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// The TransformerManager instance.
+    /// Thread-safe lazy initialization of the TransformerManager singleton instance.
+    /// Uses LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication to ensure only one instance
+    /// is created even under concurrent access from multiple threads.
     /// </summary>
-    private static ITransformerManager? _instance;
+    private static readonly Lazy<ITransformerManager> _lazyInstance = 
+        new Lazy<ITransformerManager>(() => new TransformerManager(), LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication);
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The JsonTransformer instance.
@@ -39,9 +42,9 @@ internal class TransformerManager : ITransformerManager
     private readonly ITransformer _base64Transformer;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the TransformerManager instance.
+    /// Gets the TransformerManager instance in a thread-safe manner.
     /// </summary>
-    internal static ITransformerManager Instance => _instance ??= new TransformerManager();
+    internal static ITransformerManager Instance => _lazyInstance.Value;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the list of transformer instances.

libraries/src/AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters/InternalsVisibleTo.cs

@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@
 
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
-[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters.Tests")]
+[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("AWS.Lambda.Powertools.Parameters.Tests")]
+[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("AWS.Lambda.Powertools.ConcurrencyTests")]