ci: Add support for Xcode 16

[dplewis]

New Pull Request Checklist

• I am not disclosing a vulnerability.
• I am creating this PR in reference to an issue.

Issue Description

CI is currently not testing with Xcode 16.

Closes: #1812
Closes: #1799

Approach

• Add Xcode 16 to CI tests.
• Bump Ruby to 3.1 (for sqllite with native extensions)
• Bump Bundler to 2.5.22
• Pin gemfile
• Improve ruby/bundler cache

TODOs before merging

• Add tests
• Add changes to documentation (guides, repository pages, in-code descriptions)
• Update GitHub CI to new job names

[parse-github-assistant]

Thanks for opening this pull request!

• 🎉 We are excited about your hands-on contribution!

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 82.80%. Comparing base (dd05d41) to head (43cf333).
Report is 28 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1818       +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage   64.24%   82.80%   +18.56%     
===========================================
  Files         201      282       +81     
  Lines       23233    30726     +7493     
===========================================
+ Hits        14926    25443    +10517     
+ Misses       8307     5283     -3024     

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[mtrezza]

Nice! What happened to the tests (build:starters) though?

[dplewis]

Xcode 14, 15, 16 runs build:starters

[mtrezza]

Oh, now I saw it in the changes. I'll add that to the TODOs

[mtrezza]

Looks good!

[mtrezza]

I feel like this deserves a changelog entry. Normally, when we add support for a platform version, we have a changelog entry, but the README does not state any specific IDE or OS compatibility. It says iOS 12 for example, but what should that mean?