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Remove Buffer global from workflow VM context#1546

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nrajlich/revert-buffer-from-vm
Mar 29, 2026
Merged

Remove Buffer global from workflow VM context#1546
TooTallNate merged 2 commits into
mainfrom
nrajlich/revert-buffer-from-vm

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@TooTallNate TooTallNate commented Mar 29, 2026

Summary

  • Removes the Node.js Buffer global from the workflow VM context that was added in Add btoa, atob, and Buffer globals to workflow VM context #1520
  • Buffer is a Node.js-specific API that doesn't belong in the sandboxed workflow VM; atob/btoa (which are web-standard APIs) are kept
  • Uint8Array#toBase64() is coming to JS natively and can be polyfilled separately if needed

@TooTallNate TooTallNate requested a review from a team as a code owner March 29, 2026 15:27
Copilot AI review requested due to automatic review settings March 29, 2026 15:27
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changeset-bot Bot commented Mar 29, 2026 •
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf46837

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages
Name Type
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/next Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch
@workflow/ai Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.045s (~) 1.005s (~) 0.961s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 0.045s (-14.6% 🟢) 1.006s (-1.0%) 0.961s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.051s 1.005s 0.954s 10 1.13x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.051s 1.005s 0.954s 10 1.14x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.059s 1.012s 0.953s 10 1.32x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.063s (-3.8%) 1.011s (~) 0.948s 10 1.41x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.091s (+42.2% 🔺) 1.028s (+1.5%) 0.937s 10 2.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.520s (-17.4% 🟢) 2.555s (-8.1% 🟢) 2.035s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 0.594s (-25.1% 🟢) 2.684s (-12.5% 🟢) 2.090s 10 1.14x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.108s 2.007s 0.898s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.125s 2.005s 0.881s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 1.127s (-0.5%) 2.006s (~) 0.879s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Express 1.127s (~) 2.005s (~) 0.878s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.141s 2.010s 0.869s 10 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.147s (~) 2.012s (~) 0.866s 10 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.153s (~) 2.010s (~) 0.857s 10 1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.135s (-8.5% 🟢) 3.778s (-14.4% 🟢) 1.643s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.220s (+1.0%) 3.838s (-6.3% 🟢) 1.618s 10 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 10.641s 11.025s 0.384s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 10.836s (-0.6%) 11.028s (~) 0.191s 3 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 10.861s 11.019s 0.158s 3 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.861s 11.025s 0.164s 3 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 10.878s (~) 11.021s (~) 0.143s 3 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 10.923s (~) 11.023s (~) 0.100s 3 1.03x
💻 Local Express 10.950s (~) 11.025s (~) 0.075s 3 1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 17.079s (-23.5% 🟢) 19.214s (-20.6% 🟢) 2.135s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 17.474s (-3.5%) 19.607s (-4.9%) 2.133s 2 1.02x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 13.912s 14.029s 0.116s 5 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 14.451s 15.023s 0.573s 4 1.04x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.475s (~) 15.026s (~) 0.551s 4 1.04x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 14.633s 15.029s 0.396s 4 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.723s (+1.5%) 15.028s (~) 0.305s 4 1.06x
💻 Local Nitro 14.922s (~) 15.029s (~) 0.107s 4 1.07x
💻 Local Express 15.007s (~) 15.282s (+1.7%) 0.275s 4 1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 31.717s (-6.1% 🟢) 33.839s (-6.8% 🟢) 2.122s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 33.264s (-4.9%) 34.892s (-7.5% 🟢) 1.627s 2 1.05x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 12.716s 13.026s 0.310s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 13.900s 14.164s 0.264s 7 1.09x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 13.953s (~) 14.310s (-1.0%) 0.356s 7 1.10x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.126s (+1.6%) 15.026s (+7.2% 🔺) 0.900s 6 1.11x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 16.113s 16.865s 0.751s 6 1.27x
💻 Local Nitro 16.695s (+1.9%) 17.031s (~) 0.336s 6 1.31x
💻 Local Express 16.795s (+1.0%) 17.031s (~) 0.236s 6 1.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 57.631s (-0.8%) 59.722s (-0.8%) 2.091s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 59.103s (-10.3% 🟢) 61.147s (-9.6% 🟢) 2.043s 2 1.03x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.230s 2.010s 0.781s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.263s (-0.9%) 2.012s (~) 0.749s 15 1.03x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.269s 2.006s 0.738s 15 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.288s (+1.0%) 2.011s (~) 0.723s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.500s 2.006s 0.506s 15 1.22x
💻 Local Nitro 1.532s (+0.6%) 2.005s (~) 0.473s 15 1.25x
💻 Local Express 1.542s (-0.6%) 2.006s (~) 0.464s 15 1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.774s (~) 4.373s (-3.1%) 1.599s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.968s (+23.9% 🔺) 4.489s (+8.2% 🔺) 1.521s 7 1.07x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.334s (+0.5%) 3.013s (~) 0.679s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.337s (-0.7%) 3.011s (~) 0.673s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.410s 3.012s 0.601s 10 1.03x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.420s 3.008s 0.588s 10 1.04x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.824s 3.108s 0.283s 10 1.21x
💻 Local Nitro 2.901s (~) 3.008s (-6.2% 🟢) 0.107s 10 1.24x
💻 Local Express 2.930s (~) 3.565s (+6.7% 🔺) 0.635s 9 1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.595s (-16.2% 🟢) 4.164s (-13.9% 🟢) 1.569s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.928s (+10.7% 🔺) 4.601s (+7.3% 🔺) 1.673s 7 1.13x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.453s (-0.8%) 4.014s (~) 0.561s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.475s (-0.7%) 4.013s (~) 0.538s 8 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.704s 4.012s 0.308s 8 1.07x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 3.966s 4.440s 0.474s 7 1.15x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 7.714s 8.268s 0.554s 4 2.23x
💻 Local Nitro 8.490s (+12.1% 🔺) 9.025s (+12.5% 🔺) 0.535s 4 2.46x
💻 Local Express 8.618s (+7.2% 🔺) 9.025s (+2.9%) 0.406s 4 2.50x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.201s (-6.3% 🟢) 4.688s (-8.9% 🟢) 1.487s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.299s (+10.1% 🔺) 6.188s (+12.5% 🔺) 1.889s 5 1.34x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.226s 2.011s 0.785s 15 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.261s 2.006s 0.745s 15 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.268s (~) 2.010s (~) 0.742s 15 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.275s (+1.7%) 2.009s (~) 0.733s 15 1.04x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.543s 2.006s 0.464s 15 1.26x
💻 Local Nitro 1.553s (+1.7%) 2.006s (~) 0.453s 15 1.27x
💻 Local Express 1.585s (+4.0%) 2.006s (~) 0.420s 15 1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.140s (-17.9% 🟢) 4.387s (-1.2%) 2.247s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.675s (+11.6% 🔺) 5.257s (+3.3%) 1.582s 6 1.72x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.348s (-0.6%) 3.013s (~) 0.665s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.355s (~) 3.012s (~) 0.657s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.381s 3.011s 0.629s 10 1.01x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.429s 3.008s 0.579s 10 1.03x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.986s 3.675s 0.689s 9 1.27x
💻 Local Nitro 3.017s (+7.2% 🔺) 3.676s (+14.6% 🔺) 0.659s 9 1.28x
💻 Local Express 3.034s (~) 3.885s (~) 0.851s 8 1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.489s (-63.0% 🟢) 4.196s (-50.6% 🟢) 1.707s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.473s (+29.1% 🔺) 5.017s (+14.7% 🔺) 1.544s 6 1.39x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.465s (~) 4.013s (~) 0.548s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.471s (~) 4.010s (~) 0.538s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.668s 4.012s 0.345s 8 1.06x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 4.062s 4.439s 0.377s 7 1.17x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8.590s 9.021s 0.431s 4 2.48x
💻 Local Express 9.003s (+3.9%) 9.523s (+5.5% 🔺) 0.520s 4 2.60x
💻 Local Nitro 9.104s (+15.6% 🔺) 10.027s (+17.7% 🔺) 0.923s 3 2.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.001s (-40.2% 🟢) 4.519s (-32.3% 🟢) 1.518s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.854s (-6.6% 🟢) 5.767s (-2.5%) 1.913s 6 1.28x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.570s 1.004s 0.435s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.762s 1.007s 0.246s 60 1.34x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.835s (+2.6%) 1.024s (+1.8%) 0.189s 59 1.47x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.844s (+2.1%) 1.007s (~) 0.164s 60 1.48x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.875s 1.039s 0.164s 58 1.54x
💻 Local Nitro 0.985s (-2.9%) 1.156s (-32.8% 🟢) 0.171s 53 1.73x
💻 Local Express 1.011s (+2.6%) 1.672s (+49.9% 🔺) 0.661s 36 1.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 9.589s (-12.8% 🟢) 11.586s (-11.3% 🟢) 1.997s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 11.008s (+7.5% 🔺) 13.181s (+9.6% 🔺) 2.173s 5 1.15x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.389s 2.028s 0.639s 45 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.813s 2.008s 0.195s 45 1.31x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.928s (+1.3%) 2.076s (+2.3%) 0.149s 44 1.39x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.013s (+0.7%) 2.510s (+8.4% 🔺) 0.497s 36 1.45x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.671s 3.008s 0.336s 30 1.92x
💻 Local Nitro 3.011s (-1.2%) 3.585s (-3.9%) 0.574s 26 2.17x
💻 Local Express 3.073s (+1.8%) 3.801s (~) 0.728s 24 2.21x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 31.951s (-5.5% 🟢) 34.216s (-4.4%) 2.265s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 32.135s (-7.1% 🟢) 34.214s (-7.4% 🟢) 2.079s 3 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.810s 3.084s 0.274s 39 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.661s 4.010s 0.349s 30 1.30x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 3.946s (+2.7%) 4.254s (+4.3%) 0.308s 29 1.40x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.978s (-2.0%) 4.368s (-4.4%) 0.390s 28 1.42x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8.666s 9.089s 0.424s 14 3.08x
💻 Local Nitro 9.230s (+3.5%) 9.864s (+5.8% 🔺) 0.634s 13 3.29x
💻 Local Express 9.266s (+1.4%) 9.942s (+1.6%) 0.676s 13 3.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 88.282s (-6.6% 🟢) 90.418s (-7.2% 🟢) 2.136s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 393.778s (+335.2% 🔺) 395.454s (+325.9% 🔺) 1.676s 2 4.46x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.262s 1.008s 0.746s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.286s (-0.7%) 1.008s (~) 0.722s 60 1.09x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.297s 1.004s 0.707s 60 1.14x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.299s (+6.2% 🔺) 1.008s (~) 0.709s 60 1.14x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.569s 1.004s 0.436s 60 2.17x
💻 Local Express 0.586s (~) 1.005s (~) 0.419s 60 2.24x
💻 Local Nitro 0.595s (+5.3% 🔺) 1.004s (~) 0.409s 60 2.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.765s (-11.6% 🟢) 3.548s (-7.4% 🟢) 1.783s 17 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.071s (+1.2%) 3.784s (-6.3% 🟢) 1.713s 16 1.17x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.472s 1.008s 0.536s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.507s (~) 1.008s (~) 0.500s 90 1.07x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.512s (+2.1%) 1.008s (~) 0.495s 90 1.09x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.143s 1.942s 0.799s 47 2.42x
💻 Local Nitro 2.576s (+11.1% 🔺) 3.008s (~) 0.433s 30 5.46x
💻 Local Express 2.605s (+1.5%) 3.009s (~) 0.404s 30 5.52x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.628s 3.009s 0.381s 30 5.57x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.960s (+2.6%) 4.691s (+1.8%) 1.732s 20 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.556s (-8.1% 🟢) 5.173s (-7.1% 🟢) 1.617s 18 1.20x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.742s 1.007s 0.265s 120 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.784s (+1.2%) 1.017s (+0.8%) 0.232s 119 1.06x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.794s (~) 1.009s (~) 0.215s 119 1.07x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.714s 3.007s 0.293s 40 3.66x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.898s 11.571s 0.673s 11 14.69x
💻 Local Nitro 11.394s (+10.1% 🔺) 12.029s (+10.7% 🔺) 0.635s 10 15.36x
💻 Local Express 11.467s (+2.2%) 11.936s (~) 0.469s 11 15.46x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 7.360s (+6.6% 🔺) 8.998s (+2.5%) 1.638s 14 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 8.201s (-4.6%) 9.897s (-7.7% 🟢) 1.696s 13 1.11x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.168s 1.001s 0.001s 1.008s 0.840s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.187s 1.001s 0.012s 1.019s 0.832s 10 1.11x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.194s 1.001s 0.002s 1.012s 0.818s 10 1.16x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.202s (-2.2%) 0.993s (~) 0.002s (+36.4% 🔺) 1.011s (~) 0.809s 10 1.20x
💻 Local Nitro 0.203s (-2.3%) 1.004s (~) 0.012s (+22.4% 🔺) 1.019s (~) 0.815s 10 1.21x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.208s (+2.5%) 0.999s (~) 0.002s (+33.3% 🔺) 1.011s (~) 0.803s 10 1.24x
💻 Local Express 0.211s (+2.4%) 1.003s (~) 0.011s (+1.8%) 1.017s (~) 0.806s 10 1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.834s (+4.1%) 2.975s (~) 0.403s (+18.6% 🔺) 4.062s (~) 2.228s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.898s (+15.3% 🔺) 3.269s (+12.3% 🔺) 0.283s (-16.0% 🟢) 4.196s (+6.4% 🔺) 2.298s 10 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.419s 1.000s 0.004s 1.013s 0.595s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.588s 1.007s 0.004s 1.025s 0.437s 59 1.40x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.612s (-0.6%) 1.004s (~) 0.004s (-16.5% 🟢) 1.023s (~) 0.410s 59 1.46x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.626s (+3.9%) 1.002s (~) 0.005s (+20.2% 🔺) 1.025s (~) 0.398s 59 1.50x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.659s 1.007s 0.009s 1.023s 0.364s 59 1.57x
💻 Local Nitro 0.731s (-3.0%) 1.009s (~) 0.009s (-13.0% 🟢) 1.022s (~) 0.291s 59 1.74x
💻 Local Express 0.751s (+4.0%) 1.009s (~) 0.009s (+4.8%) 1.023s (~) 0.272s 59 1.79x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 4.955s (+17.4% 🔺) 6.117s (+9.0% 🔺) 0.314s (-12.6% 🟢) 7.566s (+12.2% 🔺) 2.611s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 6.791s (+41.5% 🔺) 8.023s (+31.9% 🔺) 0.370s (-31.5% 🟢) 9.361s (+26.4% 🔺) 2.570s 7 1.37x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.880s 1.017s 0.000s 1.021s 0.142s 59 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.922s 1.154s 0.000s 1.162s 0.240s 52 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.952s (-1.5%) 1.216s (+4.5%) 0.000s (+6.1% 🔺) 1.233s (+2.8%) 0.281s 49 1.08x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.980s (~) 1.218s (-1.9%) 0.000s (-34.7% 🟢) 1.234s (-2.0%) 0.253s 49 1.11x
💻 Local Nitro 1.250s (+2.3%) 2.021s (~) 0.000s (+9.1% 🔺) 2.024s (~) 0.774s 30 1.42x
💻 Local Express 1.291s (+2.5%) 2.023s (~) 0.000s (-8.3% 🟢) 2.026s (~) 0.735s 30 1.47x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.299s 2.019s 0.000s 2.023s 0.724s 30 1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.319s (-1.3%) 4.418s (~) 0.000s (~) 5.083s (-2.8%) 1.764s 12 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.344s (~) 4.417s (-1.8%) 0.000s (+50.0% 🔺) 5.162s (-0.8%) 1.818s 12 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.652s 2.034s 0.000s 2.040s 0.388s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.789s 2.063s 0.000s 2.098s 0.309s 29 1.08x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.799s (+2.9%) 2.097s (~) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.122s (~) 0.323s 29 1.09x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.854s (+2.5%) 2.136s (~) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.161s (-0.5%) 0.306s 29 1.12x
💻 Local Nitro 3.682s (+8.4% 🔺) 4.166s (+4.9%) 0.001s (+42.2% 🔺) 4.171s (+4.9%) 0.488s 15 2.23x
💻 Local Express 3.939s (+8.1% 🔺) 4.534s (+8.8% 🔺) 0.000s (-28.6% 🟢) 4.538s (+8.8% 🔺) 0.598s 14 2.38x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 4.021s 4.533s 0.000s 4.538s 0.518s 14 2.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 4.596s (-4.0%) 5.961s (~) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 6.715s (~) 2.119s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 5.317s (+8.2% 🔺) 6.519s (+7.2% 🔺) 0.000s (-66.7% 🟢) 7.157s (+4.2%) 1.840s 9 1.16x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 17/21
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 16/21
▲ Vercel Express 17/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 17/21
Next.js (Turbopack) 🌐 Redis 11/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 19/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

  • Local: success
  • Postgres: success
  • Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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github-actions Bot commented Mar 29, 2026 •
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🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 846 0 67 913
✅ 💻 Local Development 818 0 178 996
✅ 📦 Local Production 818 0 178 996
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 818 0 178 996
✅ 🪟 Windows 75 0 8 83
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 130 59 24 213
✅ 📋 Other 207 0 42 249
Total 3712 59 675 4446

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (59 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KMX44FJSCF7K120V8ZHG6C2C
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KMX44RJD6YE5T4CHQMR75AES
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KMX4CN0X9NP671DEP5A4FR1G

redis (2 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KMX44FJSCF7K120V8ZHG6C2C
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KMX4CN0X9NP671DEP5A4FR1G

turso (54 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KMX437V2RMT3BZZTMQW70YV9
  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KMX437V2RMT3BZZTMQW70YV9
  • wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KMX44EWJAQKMHTBJWY30TK6P
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KMX43F49M8MMSTGHKR13Y4FK
  • promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KMX43MYBVQCWJ845P21YZ4EE
  • promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KMX43QACS52TMBZCE197079N
  • importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KMX44SPG04JJ0GSBFM1NEDKB
  • hookWorkflow | wrun_01KMX443RP4Y01PDYEAJ45FAJD
  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KMX44FJSCF7K120V8ZHG6C2C
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KMX44RJD6YE5T4CHQMR75AES
  • sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KMX44YPQRZWWZJ97Y5KBNK0C
  • parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KMX45AEE2YCAWGSBA2BKD8WQ
  • nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KMX45E1BRP6R143F1Y4VP1E8
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KMX45GA34KS144FSRBW9YY3Z
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KMX489W9MN4R52A7GWTMFT3T
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KMX48DF0YGQHZF5EJF1RM6KB
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KMX4BZQP44X32DBZDYBVKEHS
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KMX4CN0X9NP671DEP5A4FR1G
  • hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KMX4D9N9FHHBV450HQJY01B7
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KMX4DZ2D3TKV7BF6B949YBFP
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KMX4E8BWNF4J7XP9WYTTR9A9
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KMX4EE2C2HVRYKSC5D6E609A
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KMX4EGDQ4C9BPAAT7DP1G895
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KMX4F0GKEAVZCZXC7MJE7A72
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KMX4F6NMVVFVWMN72PY9H3Y2
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KMX4FDKNGK3V7FFWR4PC11R2
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KMX4FMM1BBZY1Z1DHCAY8EW6
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KMX4FTDT500RNKBRDXFQN22V
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KMX4G2A38Q6G9XDKVT9HZCWZ
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KMX4G9PT2J6TVSEZSN6T5W0P
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KMX4GNDQ669JFHFV0HR1YMSR
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KMX4GYSRBRA3QG15T4MZ90E0
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KMX4H5Q21MZ77RF5YPQW73ZB
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KMX4HF5YKNSQXJ4CZP5E2831
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
  • hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KMX4HVFYJZZQM2GZN15Y6S75
  • sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KMX4JGAB01XRY5H3FQ31P231
  • sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KMX4JTTHB1TS90SD386K64KT

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 76 0 7
✅ example 76 0 7
✅ express 76 0 7
✅ fastify 76 0 7
✅ hono 76 0 7
✅ nextjs-turbopack 81 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 81 0 2
✅ nitro 76 0 7
✅ nuxt 76 0 7
✅ sveltekit 76 0 7
✅ vite 76 0 7
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 69 0 14
✅ express-stable 69 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 69 0 14
✅ hono-stable 69 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 69 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 69 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 69 0 14
✅ vite-stable 69 0 14
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 69 0 14
✅ express-stable 69 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 69 0 14
✅ hono-stable 69 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 69 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 69 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 69 0 14
✅ vite-stable 69 0 14
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 69 0 14
✅ express-stable 69 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 69 0 14
✅ hono-stable 69 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 58 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 75 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 69 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 69 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 69 0 14
✅ vite-stable 69 0 14
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 75 0 8
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 5 0 0
❌ mongodb 55 3 8
✅ redis-dev 5 0 0
❌ redis 56 2 8
✅ turso-dev 5 0 0
❌ turso 4 54 8
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 69 0 14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 69 0 14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 69 0 14

📋 View full workflow run

Copilot AI reviewed Mar 29, 2026
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Pull request overview

Removes the Node.js-specific Buffer global from the sandboxed workflow VM context in @workflow/core, keeping web-standard base64 APIs (atob/btoa) available to workflows.

Changes:

  • Stop injecting Buffer into the workflow VM global scope.
  • Remove VM-context tests that depended on Buffer being present.
  • Add a changeset entry for the @workflow/core patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 3 out of 3 changed files in this pull request and generated 1 comment.

File Description
packages/core/src/vm/index.ts Removes Buffer from the VM global setup.
packages/core/src/vm/index.test.ts Drops Buffer-based VM tests; retains atob/btoa coverage.
.changeset/remove-buffer-from-vm.md Declares a patch release note for removing Buffer from the VM context.

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Comment thread packages/core/src/vm/index.test.ts
@TooTallNate
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bf46837 
Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Signed-off-by: Nathan Rajlich <n@n8.io>
@TooTallNate TooTallNate enabled auto-merge (squash) March 29, 2026 21:46
@TooTallNate TooTallNate merged commit 62ff600 into main Mar 29, 2026
175 of 183 checks passed
@TooTallNate TooTallNate deleted the nrajlich/revert-buffer-from-vm branch March 29, 2026 21:56
@ghost ghost mentioned this pull request Mar 29, 2026
Merged
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