feat(temporal): add interval algebra and bounded closure

[seonghobae]

Current TDD state

Task 4 is executing as a stacked Draft PR on Task 3 in #5.

Exact RED head: 083befc7e708e35c151471383d241c1126c243e6.

The current branch defines the required behavior before implementation:

• all thirteen elementary Allen interval relations;
• exact inverse pairs and complete relation-set composition;
• classification of concrete proper bounded intervals;
• explicit rejection of exact, open-ended, and unknown intervals where proper Allen intervals are required;
• bounded path-consistency closure;
• observed-versus-derived relation separation;
• conservative supporting-assertion provenance;
• inverse propagation;
• contradiction evidence for impossible cycles;
• variable, constraint, and propagation-work limits; and
• fail-closed handling of unknown variables and empty relation sets.

The current head is expected to fail because the Task 4 relation and reasoner APIs do not yet exist. That failure is retained as RED evidence before the minimal implementation is added.

Dependency and merge order

This PR must not merge before #5. It remains Draft until the complete Task 4 behavior, 100% production line/branch coverage, public rustdoc, APA 7 doctoring, exact-head CI/security reviews, and stacked dependency checks succeed.

Claim boundary

This PR does not claim event ontology, transition-graph validation, database persistence, leakage-safe snapshots, GPU kernels, topic estimation, ESEM/DSEM modeling, deployment, release, or commercial KPI evidence.

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